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EPIC --- Privacy and Human Rights Report

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EPIC --- Privacy and Human Rights Report 2006

EPIC --- Privacy and Human Rights 2006
Contents

About the Electronic Privacy Information Center

Executive Summary

1. Expansion of Identification Technologies

2. Divergent Approaches to Privacy

3. Data Retention

4. Civil liberties groups and NGOs' successful opposition to privacy intrusions

5. Actions of international governmental organizations

6. New Data Protection Laws

7. Developments in Open Government

Defining Privacy

Aspects of Privacy

Models of Privacy Protection

Comprehensive Laws

Self-Regulation

Technologies of Privacy

The Right to Privacy

The Evolution of Data Protection

Rationales for Adopting Comprehensive Laws

The European Union Data Protection Directives

The APEC privacy initiative

Iberoamerican Data Protection

Oversight and Privacy and Data Protection Commissioners

Transborder Data Flows and Data Havens

European Union-United States Safe Harbor Arrangement

Identity Systems

Identity (ID) cards

Biometric Passports

Retinal and Iris Scans

Hand Geometry (Palm Prints)

Voice Recognition

Authentication and Identity Disclosure

Surveillance of Communications

Legal Protections and Human Rights

Legal and Technical Standards for Surveillance: Building in Big Brother

Internet Surveillance: Black Boxes and Key Loggers

Transactional and Location Data

Cybercrime: International Initiatives in Harmonizing Surveillance

Council of Europe

The Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development

National Security, Intelligence Agencies and the "Echelon system"

Electronic Commerce

Spam and Phishing

Security Breaches

Privacy Enhancing Technologies

Online Advertising

Workplace Privacy

Legal Background

Workplace Surveillance

Performance Monitoring

Telephone Monitoring

Email, Internet Use and Blog Monitoring323

Video Surveillance

Surveillance Cameras

Statutory Protections

Efficacy of Camera Systems

Face Recognition

Satellite Surveillance

GPS Developments

Location Privacy

Interactive Television and Online Video

Behavioral Targeting

Social Network Sites and Virtual Communities

Privacy Protection for Commercial Travel Records

Privacy of Travel Records Since September 11, 2001

Measures for Tracking and Monitoring of Travelers

Government Watch Lists and Passenger Profiling

Passenger Prescreening Programs

"Trusted Traveler" Programs

Border Security Programs

Digital Rights Management

Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)

Policy Responses

Human “Chipping”

Public Opposition to RFID

The UN Internet Governance Forum and Privacy

Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) Voting Machines

Optical Scan Voting Systems

Automated Tabulation of Paper Ballots

Internet Voting

Electronic Voter Registration and Centralized Registration Databases

Voter Identification

Absentee Voting or Voting by Mail

Genetic Privacy

Genetic Identification

Detection and Treatment of Disease

In the Workplace

Legal Safeguards

Country Reports

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

SLOVAK REPUBLIC

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Argentine Republic

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Major Data Protection Case Law

Specific Rules on Privacy

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of Armenia

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules on Privacy

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

National Identification System

Open Government

International Obligations

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Telecommunications

Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")

Financial privacy

Law Enforcement & Security

Identity Management and Biometrics

The Access Card

Open Government

State and Territory Laws

Republic of Austria

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Open Government

International Obligations

Kingdom of Belgium

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance

National ID, Travel Documents and Smart Cards

Miscellaneous Developments

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of Bolivia

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules on Privacy

Workplace Privacy

International Obligations

Federative Republic of Brazil

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules on Privacy

National Registry

Consumer Protection

Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")

Financial Privacy

Medical Privacy

Workplace Privacy

Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance

Biometrics and surveillance

Video Surveillance

Privacy Case Law

Digital Certification

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of Bulgaria

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules on Privacy

Supervisory Authority

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Open Government

International Obligations

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules on Privacy

Supervisory Authorities for Privacy Laws

Legislative and Policy Responses to Terrorism

Access to Information

International Obligations

Republic of Chile

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules on Privacy

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Financial Privacy

Unsolicited Commercial E-mail (“Spam”)

Major Privacy Case Law

International Obligations

People's Republic of China

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules on Privacy

Medical Privacy

Financial Privacy

National Identity System

Monitoring of Cybercafés

Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")

Open Government

International Obligations

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Privacy Case Law

Legislative Responses to Terrorism

Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance

Open Government

International Obligations

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Bills

Wiretapping and Surveillance

Financial Privacy

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of Cyprus

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules on Privacy

Data Protection Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")

Recent Developments

International Obligations

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules on Privacy

Data Protection Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Medical Privacy

Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")

Video Surveillance

Open Government

Anti-terrorism Measures

International Obligations

Kingdom of Denmark

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Anti-terrorism Measures

Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")

Major Privacy Case Law

Recent Developments

Open Government

International Obligations

Dominican Republic

Constitutional Framework

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Wiretapping and Surveillance

International Obligations

Republic of Ecuador

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules on Privacy

International Obligations

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules on Privacy

Privacy Case Law

Medical Privacy

Surveillance of NGOs

International Obligations

Republic of Estonia

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules on Privacy

Data Protection Authority

National Identification Card Schemes

Major Privacy Case Law

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Open Government

International Obligations

Data Protection Directive

The Third Pillar

European Data Protection Supervisor

Article 29 Working Party

Central and Eastern Europe Data Protection Authorities

Telecommunications Privacy

Republic of Finland

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules on Privacy

Data Protection Authority

Anti-terrorism Measures

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Recent Developments Related to Privacy

Telecommunications Privacy

Radio Frequency Identification

Workplace Privacy

National ID System

E-Voting Privacy

Open Government

International Obligations

French Republic

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Wiretaps and Surveillance Rules

National Identity Card Systems

Medical Privacy

NGOs’ Advocacy Work

Freedom of Information

International Obligations

Republic of Georgia

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Supervisory Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Major Privacy Case Law

Recent Developments

NGO Advocacy Work

International Obligations

Federal Republic of Germany

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance

Location Privacy

Open Government

International Obligations

Hellenic Republic (Greece)

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Open Government

International Obligations

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Wiretapping and Government Surveillance

Anti-terrorism Measures

Ibero-American Data Protection Network

Open Government

International Obligations

Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Data Protection Authority

Wiretapping & Surveillance

Workplace Surveillance

Smart ID Card Development

Financial Sector

Video Surveillance

Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")

International Cooperation

Republic of Hungary

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Major Privacy Case Law

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Recent Developments

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of Iceland

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

National ID System

Medical and Genetic Privacy

Travel and Immigration Surveillance

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of India

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Anti-Terrorism Measures

Recent Privacy Case Law

Open government

International Obligations

Federal Republic of Iraq

Constitutional Privacy Rights

Identification Systems

Military Surveillance

International Obligations

Republic of Ireland

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Stautory Rules Related to Privacy

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Identification Systems

Open Government

International Obligations

State of Israel

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Anti-terrorism Measures

Major Privacy Case Law

Recent Developments

NGO Advocacy Work

Open Government

International Obligations

Italian Republic

Constitutional Framework

Data Protection Framework

Supervisory Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Radio Frequency Identification

Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")

Medical Privacy

Major Privacy Case Law

NGO Advocacy Work

International Obligations

Constitutional Privacy Framework

The Basic Law on Personal Information Protection

Four Laws Related to the Protection of Personal Information

Guidelines for Industry

Privacy Mark System

Constitutional Scheme for Free Speech

Regulation on the Internet

Surveillance Technology

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology

Medical Privacy

The Resident Registry Network System

Personal Data Leaks

Freedom of Information

International Obligations

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of Latvia

Constitutional Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Anti-terrorism Measures

Workplace Privacy

Major Privacy Case Law

Recent Developments

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of Lithuania

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Telecommunications Privacy

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Workplace Privacy

Video Surveillance

Recent Developments

Major Privacy Case Law

Open Government

International Obligations

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Recent Developments

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of Macedonia

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Computer and Cybercrime Related Provisions

Media Laws and Practice

NGOs' Advocacy Work

Freedom of Information Laws

International Obligations

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Video Surveillance

National Identity Card

Freedom of Information

International Commitments

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Recent Developments

International Obligations

United Mexican States

The Constitutional Framework

Data Protection Framework

Federal Law Initiatives on Privacy and Data Protection

National Authority of Personal Data

Wiretapping and Surveillance

Financial Privacy

Recent developments

Open Government

International Obligations

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Open Government

International Obligations

Kingdom of the Netherlands

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Anti-terrorism Measures

Recent Developments Related to Privacy

Major Privacy Case Law

Open Government

NGO Advocacy Work

International Obligations

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Major Privacy Case Law

Developments in Medical and Genetic Privacy

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Anti-terrorism Measures

Unsolicited E-mails

Transborder Dataflows

Open Government

International Obligations

Self-governing Territories

Federal Republic of Nigeria

National Identity Card System

Nigerian Evidence Act

Sharia – Islamic Law

Freedom of Information

Recent Developments

International Commitments

Kingdom of Norway

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Anti-terrorism Measures

Recent Developments

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of Paraguay

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of Peru

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Rules

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance

NGOs´Advocacy Work

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of the Philippines

Data Protection Framework

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

National Identity Card System

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Anti-Terrorism Measures

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of Poland

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Major Privacy Case Law

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Identification Cards

Video Surveillance

NGOs Advocacy Work

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of Portugal

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

National Identity System

Open Government

International Obligations

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Supervisory Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Anti-terrorism Measures

Open Government

International Obligations

Russian Federation

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Information Technologies

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Anti-terrorism Measures

National ID System

Open Government

International Obligations

Autonomous Russian Republics

Republic of San Marino

Data Protection Framework

International Obligations

The Jurisdiction

Data Protection Authority

Data Protection Framework

Use of Collected Data

Recent Developments

Republic of Singapore

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Limitations to Freedom of Speech and Censorship Rules

Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance

Efforts against Terrorism

Miscellaneous Developments

International Obligations

Slovak Republic

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Major Privacy Case Law

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of Slovenia

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Video Surveillance

Privacy of Communications

Electronic Communications

Identification Systems

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of South Africa

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

The Interception Act

Financial Privacy

Open Government

Republic of (South) Korea

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Wiretapping and Surveillance

Open Government

International Obligations

Kingdom of Spain

Constitutional and Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Anti-terrorism Measures

Recent Developments

International Obligations

Republic of Sri Lanka

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Open Government

International Obligations

Kingdom of Sweden

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Data Protection Framework

ID Cards and Travel Documents

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Recent Developments

Anti-terrorism Measures

Open Government

International Obligations

Swiss Confederation (Switzerland)

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Cooperation with the European Union

Police and Intelligence Agencies' Activities

Interception of Telecommunications

DNA Samples Biometry, and Genetic Screening

Revision of the Law on Foreigners

Surveillance Cameras

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Face Recognition

Freedom of Information

International Obligations

Republic of China (Taiwan)

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Supervisory Authorities

Wiretapping and Surveillance

National Identification Scheme

Medical Privacy

Radio Frequency Identification

NGO Advocacy Work

Open Government

Kingdom of Thailand

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework and Freedom of Information

Wiretapping and Surveillance

The Mobile Phone Card Controversy

National ID Cards

Republic of Turkey

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Relevant Developments on E-Government

Major Privacy Case Law

National Identity Cards

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of Uganda

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Privacy Supervisory Authority

Data Protection Framework

Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance

Open Government

International Obligations

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Anti-terrorism Measures

Recent Developments

Major Privacy Case Law

Open Government

International Obligations

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Data Protection Authority

Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules

Unsolicited Commercial E-mails

Legislative Response to Terrorism

Police Activities

Video Surveillance

Open Government

International Obligations

United States of America

Constitutional Framework

Privacy Case Law

Data Protection Authority

Department of Homeland Security

The Federal Trade Commission and Consumer Privacy

Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")

Medical Privacy

Consumer Information Security Breaches

Electronic Surveillance

The "PATRIOT Act"

The 9/11 Commission

Video Surveillance and Face Recognition Technology

National Identity Card

Passenger Profiling and Prescreening

Surveillance of Foreigners and Immigration Controls

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

Open Government

International Obligations

Republic of Uruguay

The Constitutional Framework

Data Protection Framework

Anti-Terrorism Measures

Major Privacy Cases

Open Government

International Obligations

United Arab Emirates

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Data Protection Framework

Statutory Rules on Privacy

Dubai International Financial Centre

International Obligations

Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Financial and Credit Information

Major Privacy Cases

Regulation of Identification Systems

Private Sector Initiatives

NGO Advocacy Work

International Obligations

Constitutional Privacy Framework

Statutory Rules Related to Privacy

Recent Developments

International Obligations

International Privacy Resources

Dominican Republic

United Arab Emirates

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URL: http://www.worldlii.org/int/journals/EPICPrivHR/2006/