Bolivia - Second periodic reports submitted by States parties [2007] UNCESCRSPR 6; E/C.12/BOL/2 (20 August 2007)

1. The initial country report submitted to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in compliance with the relevant International Covenant (E/1990/5/Add.44) was examined by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights at its 15th, 16th and 17th meetings (E/C.12/2001/SR.15-17), held on 2 and 3 May 2001, and the following concluding observations were adopted:

	Home \| Databases \| WorldLII \| Search \| Feedback United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - State Party Reports

26. The Committee strongly urges the State party to ensure that the Covenant is taken into account in the formulation and implementation of all policies concerning economic, social and cultural rights.

2. In pursuance of Supreme Decree No. 27420 of 26 March 2004, Bolivia is drawing up a National Human Rights Strategy^[1] as a mechanism to formulate and implement public policies aimed at promoting the protection of and respect for human rights by:

3. This mechanism is entrusted to the Inter-Agency Council,^[2] composed of the following:

The Council is chaired by the Minister for the Presidency and is in charge of formulating and implementing the National Human Rights Strategy. To do so, it must administer the economic resources necessary for the implementation and execution of the Strategy, together with the national treasury and international cooperation.

4. The functions of the Inter-Agency Council are: to promote the incorporation of the conclusions and recommendations of different United Nations committees and other international human rights bodies in the annual work plans of each government entity, in order to ensure compliance with human rights treaties and conventions; and to monitor compliance with and implementation of the conclusions and recommendations of the various United Nations committees and other international human rights bodies.

5. The Inter-Agency Council also monitors the implementation of the international human rights norms ratified by Bolivia, together with guidelines, principles and minimum standards pursuant to resolutions of specialized human rights bodies. The Council proposes machinery for the implementation of judgements, decisions and recommendations by international human rights bodies and implements the international agenda on human rights commitments.

6. In order to attain the stated goals, the National Human Rights Strategy also has an InterMinisterial Human Rights Commission,^[3] which comprises all the deputy ministers in the executive and whose main function is to prepare country reports on human rights for the various international bodies.

7. Lastly, the National Human Rights Strategy has a technical secretariat tasked to coordinate this whole process. It is attached to the office of the Deputy Minister of Justice, which is the implementing body of the Strategy and provides continuous liaison between the Inter-Agency Council, the Inter-Ministerial Commission and civil society.

8. Work in the framework of the National Human Rights Strategy commenced in the 2004 financial year with the preparation of a document on human-rights-related public policies, which will be finalized shortly and submitted to Parliament to initiate the legislative process. However, it will hopefully be possible to implement some of the measures set forth in the document concurrently with the legislative process. The adoption of the National Human Rights Strategy will enable the Government to identify the objectives to be pursued.

9. To conclude, it should be pointed out that a Constituent Assembly will meet in 2006, providing an opportunity for Bolivian society to adopt a new Constitution, which will no doubt mark a step forward in terms of human rights compared with the current basic law of the Republic.

27. The Committee encourages the State party to ratify the Protocol of San Salvador to the American Convention on Human Rights, which the State party signed in 1988.

10. The “Protocol of San Salvador” was ratified pursuant to Act No. 3293 of 12 December 2005.

28. The Committee calls upon the State party to ensure that the economic, social and cultural rights enshrined in the Covenant are directly applicable in the domestic legal order.

11. The economic, social and cultural rights of the Bolivian people are guaranteed in the Constitution, which recognizes the right of individuals to health; the right to work and engage in commerce, industry or any other lawful activity; the right to receive an education and to acquire culture; the right to fair remuneration for their labour, which will provide them and their families with an existence worthy of a human being; and the right to social security.

12. These principles are consistent with other principles enunciated in the same body of law, as provided in articles 156 and 192.

13. Articles 2 (aims) and 3 (objectives and policies) of the Educational Reform Act complement and define several provisions of the national education system.

14. With regard to the functions of the State institution responsible for plans and programmes in the area of culture, Supreme Decree No. 26973 sets forth the powers of the Deputy Minister of Culture.

15. With regard to health, in addition to the regular services and benefits provided by the Ministry of Health, the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance Act is designed to provide universal, comprehensive and free health benefits at all levels of the national health system and the short-term social security scheme for expectant mothers from the beginning of pregnancy to six months after the birth, and children from birth until five years of age.

29. The Committee requests the State party to provide, in its second periodic report, detailed information about the effect of the decentralization of government on the enjoyment by Bolivian citizens of their economic, social and cultural rights.

16. Articles 200 and 206 of the Constitution establish the general principles applicable in the matter, which are reflected in the following specific legal provisions:

This Act recognizes, promotes and consolidates the process of popular participation by bringing together the indigenous, rural and urban communities in the legal, political and economic life of the nation. It endeavours to improve the quality of life of Bolivian men and women by means of a fairer distribution and better administration of public resources. It strengthens the political and economic instruments necessary to enhance representative democracy by facilitating citizen participation and guaranteeing equality of opportunity at the various levels of representation to men and women.

I. Popular participation is ensured through grassroots organizations, in the shape of peasant communities, indigenous peoples and neighbourhood groups, organized in accordance with their customs or statutory provisions.

II. Male and female captains, jilacatas, curacas, mallcus, general secretaries and others who have been appointed in accordance with the customs and statutory provisions of the grassroots organizations are recognized to be the representatives of these organizations.

Article 1 of the Act provides that the municipality, a local and autonomous government unit, is a public-law entity with legal personality and its own property representing all persons living in a given territorial jurisdiction with the aim of meeting the daily needs of the community.

On 18 December 2005 the Bolivian people elected the Prefects of the nine departments for the first time by direct ballot, as a way of decentralizing power through popular elections.

30. The Committee urges the State party to take remedial action against the marginalization of, and discrimination against, indigenous populations in all sectors of society. The Committee requests the State party to provide, in its second periodic report, detailed information about the efforts made by the State party to enhance the enjoyment of rural populations, in particular rural indigenous populations, of their economic, social and cultural rights.

I. “The law recognizes, respects and protects the social, economic and cultural rights of the indigenous peoples living in the national territory, especially those relating to their ancestral communal lands, in which it guarantees the sustainable use and enjoyment of their natural resources, and those relating to their identity, values, languages, customs and institutions.

II. The State recognizes the legal personality of indigenous and peasants’ communities, associations and trade unions.

III. The traditional authorities of indigenous and peasants’ communities may exercise administrative functions and apply their own laws as alternative means of conflict resolution, in conformity with their own procedures and customs, provided that they are not contrary to this Constitution and the law. The law shall ensure compatibility between these powers and the role of State institutions.”

31. The Committee urges the State party to take effective measures to combat discrimination against women in public, economic and social life.

I. “All human beings are endowed with legal personality and capacity in conformity with the law. They shall enjoy the rights, freedoms and guarantees recognized by this Constitution, without distinction as to race, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, origin, economic or social condition, or any other.”

20. The State has adopted special legislation to enhance the protection of women’s rights in Bolivia, including:

The Government guarantees equality of rights between men and women in the political, economic, social and cultural spheres, as well as gender mainstreaming in public policies, in order to achieve genuine equality by promoting specific measures.

ratifying the Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence against Women.

21. Protection of mothers for a reasonable period of time before and after childbirth. The Ministry of Labour, through complaints, conciliation, inspections and review of records verifies the payment of family allowances due to workers in accordance with the law. It also verifies compliance with Act No. 975 of 2 May 1988, which affords special protection to pregnant female workers. The Department of Labour and Industrial Safety verifies, by way of on-site inspections, that pregnant female workers are protected and not subject to hazards that could harm the unborn baby or their own health.

22. In addition to these measures, the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance Act, No. 2426, of 21 November 2002, provides for mandatory and enforceable free health benefits for expectant mothers until six months after the birth and to children up to five years of age in all public health establishments, and private establishments that have concluded relevant agreements.

In accordance with the basic principles enunciated in article 58, paragraph 2, of the Constitution and elsewhere, new regulations were formulated on the payment of family allowances by public and private employers to insured or entitled persons.

Pursuant to Supreme Decree No. 27049 of 26 May 2003, the national minimum wage was raised from 430 to 440 bolivianos as of 1 January 2003. This amount is taken as reference for antenatal benefits, nursing mothers’ allowances (in kind) and allowances for birth and burial (in cash). The allowance is payable by the employer.

Currently, approximately 27,000 persons benefit from the Family Allowance Programme at the national level (information for May 2005, provided by the Department for Social Security of the Ministry of Health and Sports).

Regulations on family allowances 2002-2003, based on the Social Security Code. These regulations make reference to the four types of benefits available to workers and/or their beneficiaries:

Antenatal benefit, which is payable from the first day of the fifth month of pregnancy until the birth of the child.

Nursing mother’s allowance, which is payable from the day the child is born for each child during the first months of life.

Birth allowance, consisting of a single amount equivalent to one payment of the national minimum wage to each insured or eligible expectant mother for each child born.

Burial allowance, consisting of a single amount equivalent to one payment of the national minimum wage for the death of each under-age child.

The purpose of these allowances is to improve the nutritional status of mother and child during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

25. Internal staff regulations of the Ministry of Health and Sports. These are geared towards compliance with the legal provisions governing social security, and cover the following aspects:

Maternity leave: “Pregnant female workers who have duly informed their employer of their condition exclusively by means of a medical certificate issued by their insurance provider are entitled to six weeks’ leave before and six weeks after the birth of their child” (articles 61 and 62 of the General Labour Act of 8 December 1942; articles 54 and 55 of the implementing ordinance of the General Labour Act). Provisions are also made for a daily one-hour break for breastfeeding, which may be split into two 30-minute breaks (articles 61 and 62 of the General Labour Act of 8 December 1942; articles 54 and 55 of the implementing ordinance of the General Labour Act).

32. The Committee recommends that the State party adopt and implement programmes to increase technical and professional training opportunities and job opportunities and to reduce unemployment.

26. The Constitution and other legal instruments establish the right to work as a government priority. The relevant articles of the Constitution provide as follows:

Article 7 (d) establishes the “right to work and to engage in commerce, industry or any other lawful activity, provided that no harm is done to the common welfare”;

Article 156: “Work is a right and a duty and forms the basis of the social and economic order.”

I. “Labour and capital are under the protection of the State. The relations between labour and capital shall be regulated by the law, which shall lay down rules concerning individual and collective contracts, the minimum wage, hours of work, work by women and minors, weekly and annual paid leave, holidays, Christmas and other bonuses and other forms of company profit-sharing, long-service allowances, dismissal, vocational training and other social benefits and provisions relating to workers’ protection.

II. The Government is responsible for establishing conditions which will guarantee employment opportunities for all, stable employment and fair remuneration.”

The Law contains general provisions regarding labour rights and obligations, with the exception of the agricultural sector, which is governed by special legislation. It also applies to State-owned enterprises and public or private associations, including charitable associations, except for specially defined cases.

28. It should be pointed out that all forms of forced labour are prohibited in Bolivia, as stated in the presentations made to the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 2004 on the measures adopted to implement the provisions of Convention No. 105 (1957) concerning the abolition of forced labour (annex 3 (c)).

29. The Bolivian Government also submitted a presentation for the period 2000 to 2004 relating to article 22 of the ILO Constitution. According to this report:

2. Technical and professional guidance and training, development of programmes, norms and techniques designed to secure continuous economic, social and cultural development and the full and productive employment of persons in Bolivia.

30. The social aspect of employment policy falls within the purview of the Ministry of Labour; the main functions of the General Directorate of Employment relating to the social regime are:

32. Furthermore, the labour exchange, a body attached to the General Directorate of Employment, has the objective of enhancing supply and demand in the labour market through its programmes, projects and computer systems, in order to reduce distortions arising from unemployment, underemployment and low skill levels.

33. A computer project is currently being implemented by the labour exchange within the General Directorate of Employment in order to improve the quality of employment and strengthen the role of intermediaries. The project is financed by USAID and open to unemployed persons.

STATISTICAL TABLES

Table 1
Employment status, by year and by sex, 1999-2003

Employment status	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	8 000 798	8 274 803	8 248 404	8 547 091	8 778 538
Not of working age	2 078 517	2 155 145	2 202 118	2 283 974	2 350 742
Of working age	5 922 281	6 119 658	6 046 286	6 263 117	6 427 796
Economically active	3 802 361	3 820 208	4 099 151	4 046 536	4 346 862
Employed	3 637 893	3 637 048	3 884 251	3 824 938	4 085 802
Unemployed	164 468	183 160	214 900	221 598	261 060
Redundant	108 835	140 796	168 757	177 006	189 172
Seeking work	55 633	42 364	46 143	44 592	71 888
Economically inactive	2 119 920	2 299 450	1 947 135	2 216 581	2 080 934
Temporary	662 410	805 962	739 486	745 109	681 997
Permanent	1 457 510	1 493 488	1 207 649	1 471 472	1 398 937
Men	3 959 863	4 060 023	4 057 188	4 244 421	4 364 345
Not of working age	1 075 426	1 114 264	1 122 188	1 161 259	1 213 475
Of working age	2 884 437	2 945 759	2 935 000	3 083 162	3 150 870
Economically active	2 077 390	2 115 469	2 227 786	2 257 521	2 377 036
Employed	2 000 496	2 032 182	2 128 402	2 160 158	2 270 432
Unemployed	76 894	83 287	99 384	97 363	106 604
Redundant	58 499	64 167	82 626	80 958	81 456
Seeking work	18 395	24 817	16 758	16 405	25 148
Economically inactive	807 047	830 290	707 214	825 641	773 834
Temporary	206 996	209 343	227 103	209 033	196 380
Permanent	600 051	620 947	480 111	616 608	577 454
Women	4 040 935	4 214 780	4 191 216	4 302 670	4 414 193
Not of working age	1 003 091	1 040 881	1 079 930	1 122 715	1 137 267
Of working age	3 037 844	3 173 899	3 111 286	3 179 955	3 276 926
Economically active	1 724 971	1 704 739	1 871 365	1 789 015	1 969 826
Employed	1 637 397	1 604 866	1 755 849	1 664 780	1 815 370
Unemployed	87 574	99 873	115 516	124 235	154 456
Redundant	50 336	76 629	86 131	96 048	107 716
Seeking work	37 238	30 295	29 385	28 187	46 740
Economically inactive	1 312 873	1 469 160	1 239 921	1 390 940	1 307 100
Temporary	455 414	596 619	512 383	536 076	485 617
Permanent	857 459	872 541	727 538	854 864	821 483

Table 1.1
Urban areas: Employment status, by year and sex,
1999-2002

Employment status	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	5 035 535	5 268 526	5 148 771	5 330 045	5 647 224
Not of working age	1 150 005	1 239 406	1 257 797	1 331 849	1 463 283
Of working age	3 885 530	4 029 120	3 890 974	3 998 196	4 183 941
Economically active	2 173 700	2 259 792	2 356 504	2 320 060	2 528 507
Employed	2 017 044	2 091 175	2 156 250	2 118 436	2 296 737
Unemployed	156 656	168 617	200 254	201 624	231 770
Redundant	102 580	129 464	160 174	162 890	168 407
Seeking work	54 076	39 153	40 080	38 734	63 363
Economically inactive	1 711 830	1 769 328	1 534 470	1 678 136	1 655 434
Temporary	511 347	597 853	574 734	517 397	495 276
Permanent	1 200 483	1 171 475	959 736	1 160 739	1 160 158
Men	2 479 023	2 543 702	2 492 765	2 615 698	2 766 529
Not of working age	595 991	643 450	645 945	692 425	756 028
Of working age	1 883 032	1 900 252	1 846 820	1 923 273	2 010 501
Economically active	1 204 577	1 245 117	1 256 778	1 258 504	1 365 843
Employed	1 130 212	1 167 692	1 162 875	1 166 458	1 270 606
Unemployed	74 365	77 425	93 903	92 046	95 237
Redundant	56 253	60 255	79 039	76 181	71 366
Seeking work	18 112	17 170	14 864	15 865	23 871
Economically inactive	678 455	655 135	590 042	664 769	644 658
Temporary	165 661	160 528	187 738	156 333	153 177
Permanent	512 794	494 607	402 304	508 436	491 481
Women	2 556 512	2 724 824	2 656 006	2 714 347	2 880 695
Not of working age	554 014	595 956	611 852	639 424	707 255
Of working age	2 002 498	2 128 868	2 044 154	2 074 923	2 173 440
Economically active	969 123	1 014 675	1 099 726	1 061 556	1 162 664
Employed	886 832	923 483	993 375	951 978	1 026 131
Unemployed	82 291	91 192	106 351	109 578	136 533
Redundant	46 327	69 209	81 135	86 709	97 041
Seeking work	35 964	21 983	25 216	22 869	39 492
Economically inactive	1 033 375	1 114 193	944 428	1 013 367	1 010 776
Temporary	345 686	437 325	386 996	361 064	342 099
Permanent	687 689	676 868	557 432	652 303	668 677

Table 1.2
Rural areas: Employment status, by year and sex,
1999-2002

Employment status	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	2 965 263	3 006 277	3 099 633	3 217 046	3 131 314
Not of working age	928 512	915 739	944 321	952 125	887 459
Of working age	2 036 751	2 090 538	2 155 312	2 264 921	2 243 855
Economically active	1 628 661	1 560 416	1 742 647	1 726 476	1 818 355
Employed	1 620 849	1 545 873	1 728 001	1 706 502	1 789 065
Unemployed	7 812	14 543	14 646	19 974	29 290
Redundant	6 255	11 332	8 583	14 116	20 765
Seeking work	1 557	3 211	6 063	5 858	8 525
Economically inactive	408 090	530 122	412 665	538 445	425 500
Temporary	151 063	208 109	164 752	227 712	186 721
Permanent	257 027	322 013	247 913	310 733	238 779
Men	1 480 840	1 516 321	1 564 423	1 628 723	1 597 816
Not of working age	479 435	470 814	476 243	468 834	457 447
Of working age	1 001 405	1 045 507	1 088 180	1 159 889	1 140 369
Economically active	872 813	870 352	971 008	999 017	1 011 193
Employed	870 284	864 490	965 527	993 700	999 826
Unemployed	2 529	5 862	5 481	5 317	11 367
Redundant	2 246	3 912	3 587	4 777	10 090
Seeking work	283	1 950	1 894	540	1 277
Economically inactive	128 592	175 155	117 172	160 872	129 176
Temporary	41 335	48 815	39 365	52 700	43 203
Permanent	87 257	126 340	77 807	108 172	85 973
Women	1 484 423	1 489 956	1 535 210	1 588 323	1 533 498
Not of working age	449 077	444 925	468 078	483 291	430 012
Of working age	1 035 346	1 045 031	1 067 132	1 105 032	1 103 486
Economically active	755 848	690 064	771 639	727 459	807 162
Employed	750 565	681 383	762 474	712 802	789 239
Unemployed	5 283	8 681	9 165	14 657	17 923
Redundant	4 009	7 420	4 996	9 339	10 675
Seeking work	1 274	1 261	4 169	5 318	7 248
Economically inactive	279 498	354 967	295 493	377 573	296 324
Temporary	109 728	159 294	125 387	175 012	143 518
Permanent	169 770	195 673	170 106	202 561	152 806

Table 2
Main employment indicators, by year and by sex,
1999-2003 (p) (%)

Description	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Ratio of inactive to active population	55.75	60.19	47.50	54.78	47.87
Men	38.85	39.25	31.75	36.57	32.55
Women	76.11	86.18	66.26	77.75	66.36
Potential labour supply rate	74.02	73.96	73.30	73.28	73.22
Men	72.84	72.56	72.34	72.64	72.20
Women	75.18	75.30	74.23	73.91	74.24
Employment rate	61.43	59.43	64.24	61.07	63.56
Men	69.35	68.99	72.52	70.06	72.06
Women	53.90	50.56	56.43	52.35	55.40
Gross participation rate	47.52	46.17	49.70	47.34	49.52
Men	52.46	52.10	54.91	53.19	54.46
Women	42.69	40.45	44.65	41.58	44.62
Redundancy rate	2.86	3.69	4.12	4.37	4.35
Men	2.82	3.03	3.71	3.67	3.43
Women	2.92	4.50	4.60	5.39	5.47
Dependency rate	1.20	1.28	1.12	1.23	1.15
Men	0.98	1.00	0.91	0.96	0.92
Women	1.47	1.63	1.39	1.58	1.43
Official unemployment rate	4.33	4.79	5.24	5.48	6.01
Men	3.70	3.94	4.46	4.31	4.48
Women	5.08	5.86	6.17	6.94	7.84
Global employment rate	95.67	95.21	94.76	94.52	93.99
Men	96.30	96.06	95.54	95.69	95.52
Women	94.92	94.14	93.83	93.06	92.16
Global participation rate	64.20	62.43	67.80	64.61	67.63
Men	72.02	71.81	75.90	73.22	75.44
Women	56.78	53.71	60.15	56.26	60.11

Table 2.1
Urban areas: Main employment indicators, by year and sex,
1999-2003 (p) (%)

Description	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Ratio of inactive to active population	78.75	78.30	65.12	72.33	65.47
Men	56.32	52.62	46.95	52.82	47.20
Women	106.63	109.81	85.88	95.46	86.94
Potential labour supply rate	77.16	76.48	75.57	75.01	74.09
Men	75.96	74.70	74.09	73.53	72.67
Women	78.33	78.13	76.96	76.44	75.45
Employment rate	51.91	51.90	55.42	52.98	54.89
Men	60.02	61.45	62.97	60.65	63.20
Women	44.29	43.38	48.60	45.88	47.21
Gross participation rate	43.17	42.89	45.77	43.53	44.77
Men	48.59	48.95	50.42	48.11	49.37
Women	37.91	37.24	41.41	39.11	40.36
Redundancy rate	4.72	5.73	6.80	7.02	6.66
Men	4.67	4.84	6.29	6.05	5.23
Women	4.78	6.82	7.38	8.17	8.35
Dependency rate	1.50	1.52	1.39	1.52	1.46
Men	1.19	1.18	1.14	1.24	1.18
Women	1.88	1.95	1.67	1.85	1.81
Official unemployment rate	7.21	7.46	8.50	8.69	9.17
Men	6.17	6.22	7.47	7.31	6.97
Women	8.49	8.99	9.67	10.32	11.74
Global employment rate	92.79	92.54	91.50	91.31	90.83
Men	93.83	93.78	92.53	92.69	93.03
Women	91.51	91.01	90.33	89.68	88.26
Global participation rate	55.94	56.09	60.56	58.03	60.43
Men	63.97	65.52	68.05	65.44	67.94
Women	48.40	47.66	53.80	51.16	53.49

Table 2.2
Rural areas: Main employment indicators, by year and sex,
1999-2003 (p) (%)

Description	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Ratio of inactive to active population	25.06	33.97	23.68	31.19	23.40
Men	14.73	20.12	12.07	16.10	12.77
Women	36.98	51.44	38.29	51.90	36.71
Potential labour supply rate	68.69	69.54	69.53	70.40	71.66
Men	67.62	68.95	69.56	71.21	71.37
Women	69.75	70.14	69.51	69.57	71.96
Employment rate	79.58	73.95	80.17	75.34	79.73
Men	86.91	82.69	88.73	85.67	87.68
Women	72.49	65.20	71.45	64.51	71.52
Gross participation rate	54.92	51.91	56.22	53.67	58.07
Men	58.94	57.40	62.07	61.34	63.29
Women	50.92	46.31	50.26	45.80	52.64
Redundancy rate	0.38	0.73	0.49	0.82	1.14
Men	0.26	0.45	0.37	0.48	1.00
Women	0.53	1.08	0.65	1.28	1.32
Dependency rate	0.83	0.94	0.79	0.89	0.75
Men	0.70	0.75	0.62	0.64	0.60
Women	0.98	1.19	1.01	1.23	0.94
Official unemployment rate	0.48	0.93	0.84	1.16	1.61
Men	0.29	0.67	0.56	0.53	1.12
Women	0.70	1.26	1.19	2.01	2.22
Global employment rate	99.52	99.07	99.16	98.84	98.39
Men	99.71	99.33	99.44	99.47	98.88
Women	99.30	98.74	98.81	97.99	97.78
Global participation rate	79.96	74.64	80.85	76.23	81.04
Men	87.16	83.25	89.23	86.13	88.67
Women	73.00	66.03	72.31	65.83	73.15

Table 3
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Occupational group	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	3 637 893	3 637 048	3 884 251	3 824 938	4 085 802
Public- and private-sector managers	1.83	1.29	0.92	1.42	1.31
Professionals	4.10	2.94	5.06	4.69	3.38
Technical and professional support	5.12	6.64	3.86	3.81	4.33
Office workers	3.17	3.21	3.39	2.52	1.98
Retail and service sector workers	15.96	15.85	15.73	15.15	17.03
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	38.61	37.06	30.44	40.19	37.79
Mining, construction and manufacturing	18.37	17.21	15.16	16.84	18.59
Equipment and machinery operators	4.66	4.89	5.11	4.86	4.42
Unskilled workers	7.98	10.73	20.24	10.47	11.03
Armed forces	0.20	0.18	0.08	0.00	0.14
Men	2 000 496	2 032 182	2 128 402	2 160 158	2 270 432
Public- and private-sector managers	2.40	1.42	1.39	2.02	1.72
Professionals	4.04	3.29	4.70	4.18	2.68
Technical and professional support	6.33	7.04	4.96	4.56	5.41
Office workers	2.60	2.49	2.46	2.07	1.70
Retail and service sector workers	7.58	8.28	8.11	7.56	10.08
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	37.59	37.67	33.64	41.32	38.37
Mining, construction and manufacturing	25.27	24.41	21.09	21.62	24.31
Equipment and machinery operators	8.43	8.62	9.20	8.43	7.83
Unskilled workers	5.39	6.46	14.30	8.11	7.65
Armed forces	0.36	0.32	0.14	0.12	0.25
Women	1 637 397	1 604 866	1 755.849	1 664 780	1 815 370
Public- and private-sector managers	1.15	1.13	0.36	0.64	0.80
Professionals	4.16	2.50	5.50	5.35	4.25
Technical and professional support	3.64	6.12	2.54	2.82	2.97
Office workers	3.86	4.12	4.52	3.10	2.33
Retail and service sector workers	26.20	25.43	24.96	24.98	25.73
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	39.85	36.28	26.55	38.71	37.06
Mining, construction and manufacturing	9.94	8.10	7.98	10.65	11.45
Equipment and machinery operators	0.05	0.18	0.16	0.22	0.15
Unskilled workers	11.14	16.14	27.44	13.53	15.26
Armed forces	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Table 3.1
Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Occupational group	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	2 017 044	2 091 175	2 156 250	2 118 436	2 296 737
Public- and private-sector managers	2.92	1.81	1.44	2.25	1.96
Professionals	6.81	5.02	7.57	7.78	5.56
Technical and professional support	7.88	9.89	6.51	6.16	6.34
Office workers	5.60	5.34	6.01	4.40	3.42
Retail and service sector workers	25.95	24.75	25.30	24.68	26.88
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	3.35	3.72	4.51	5.27	5.61
Mining, construction and manufacturing	27.34	25.77	23.04	26.54	26.59
Equipment and machinery operators	7.88	7.47	8.19	7.79	7.37
Unskilled workers	11.90	15.95	17.29	15.01	16.07
Armed forces	0.36	0.27	0.14	0.12	0.20
Men	1 130 212	1 167 692	1 162 875	1 166 458	1 270 606
Public- and private-sector managers	3.76	1.91	2.16	3.28	2.50
Professionals	6.47	5.59	7.12	6.97	4.33
Technical and professional support	9.70	10.50	8.61	7.51	7.49
Office workers	4.52	4.13	4.39	3.71	2.93
Retail and service sector workers	12.45	13.64	13.73	13.17	16.84
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	4.16	4.80	5.41	6.69	5.93
Mining, construction and manufacturing	37.63	37.61	33.44	34.73	37.20
Equipment and machinery operators	14.03	13.14	14.94	13.83	13.27
Unskilled workers	6.64	8.21	9.94	9.89	9.14
Armed forces	0.64	0.49	0.26	0.21	0.37
Women	886 832	923 483	993 375	951 978	1 026 131
Public- and private-sector managers	1.86	1.68	0.60	0.98	1.29
Professionals	7.23	4.31	8.10	8.78	7.08
Technical and professional support	5.57	9.13	4.05	4.51	4.92
Office workers	6.98	6.88	7.90	5.24	4.02
Retail and service sector workers	43.16	38.80	38.84	38.78	39.33
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	2.31	2.36	3.44	3.53	5.22
Mining, construction and manufacturing	14.23	10.80	10.87	16.51	13.45
Equipment and machinery operators	0.06	0.31	0.28	0.38	0.06
Unskilled workers	18.60	25.73	25.90	21.28	24.64
Armed forces	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Table 3.2
Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Occupational group	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	1 620 849	1 545 873	1 728 001	1 706 502	1 789 065
Public- and private-sector managers	0.48	0.59	0.27	0.39	0.49
Professionals	0.72	0.13	1.93	0.85	0.57
Technical and professional support	1.68	2.23	0.56	0.88	1.74
Office workers	0.14	0.32	0.13	0.18	0.13
Retail and service sector workers	3.53	3.80	3.78	3.31	4.39
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	82.49	82.16	62.79	83.53	79.10
Mining, construction and manufacturing	7.21	5.63	5.33	4.80	8.34
Equipment and machinery operators	0.64	1.41	1.28	1.22	0.63
Unskilled workers	3.10	3.67	23.92	4.84	4.56
Armed forces	0.00	0.05	0.00	0.01	0.06
Men	870 284	864 490	965 527	993 700	999 826
Public- and private-sector managers	0.63	0.75	0.45	0.54	0.74
Professionals	0.89	0.20	1.80	0.91	0.57
Technical and professional support	1.95	2.38	0.56	1.10	2.77
Office workers	0.11	0.27	0.15	0.14	0.13
Retail and service sector workers	1.26	1.04	1.34	0.98	1.49
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	81.01	82.08	67.64	81.97	79.60
Mining, construction and manufacturing	9.23	6.57	6.23	6.22	7.93
Equipment and machinery operators	1.16	2.52	2.29	2.10	0.91
Unskilled workers	3.77	4.10	19.56	6.03	5.75
Armed forces	0.00	0.09	0.00	0.01	0.10
Women	750 565	681 383	762 474	712 802	789 239
Public- and private-sector managers	0.31	0.38	0.05	0.17	0.17
Professionals	0.53	0.05	2.11	0.76	0.57
Technical and professional support	1.37	2.05	0.56	0.57	0.43
Office workers	0.17	0.39	0.12	0.24	0.13
Retail and service sector workers	6.16	7.31	6.87	6.55	8.05
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	84.21	82.26	56.65	85.70	78.46
Mining, construction and manufacturing	4.87	4.44	4.20	2.83	8.85
Equipment and machinery operators	0.05	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.27
Unskilled workers	2.33	3.13	29.45	3.18	3.06
Armed forces	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Table 4
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Job category	1999	2000	2001	2002		2003 (p)
Total	3 637 893	3 637 048	3 884 251	3 824 938		4 085 802
Manual worker	8.13	8.10	9.72	8.63		13.51
White-collar worker	20.77	20.93	19.75	20.58		16.62
Self-employed	40.22	40.82	35.73	36.58		37.17
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	0.77	0.64	0.49	0.61		0.32
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer	2.17	1.31	1.72	3.84		3.21
Production cooperative member	0.31	0.34	0.40	0.26		0.07
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	25.74	24.42	29.15	27.17		26.57
Domestic worker	1.89	3.45	3.05	2.33		2.53
Men	2 000 496	2 032 182	2 128 402	2 160 158	2 270 432
Manual worker	13.06	12.80	15.51	12.83	21.39
White-collar worker	23.92	23.30	22.16	23.34	18.38
Self-employed	41.92	45.80	38.57	38.75	36.45
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	1.07	1.00	0.70	0.93	0.50
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer	3.13	1.70	2.16	5.38	4.90
Production cooperative member	0.57	0.60	0.69	0.44	0.12
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	16.16	14.70	20.00	18.19	18.08
Domestic worker	0.17	0.10	0.21	0.14	0.18
Women	1 637 397	1 604 866	1 755 849	1 664 780	1 815 370
Manual worker	2.10	2.20	2.71	3.19	3.65
White-collar worker	16.92	17.80	16.83	17.01	14.40
Self-employed	38.15	36.50	32.28	33.75	38.08
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	0.39	0.20	0.23	0.19	0.10
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer	1.00	0.80	1.18	1.85	1.10
Production cooperative member	0.00	0.00	0.04	0.02	0.00
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	37.45	36.70	40.24	38.81	37.20
Domestic worker	3.98	5.70	6.49	5.18	5.46

Table 4.1
Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation by year,
sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Job category	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	2 017 044	2 091 175	2 156 250	2 118 436	2 296 737
Manual worker	10.25	11.00	12.23	10.61	17.00
White-collar worker	34.39	33.10	32.25	34.19	26.53
Self-employed	39.09	40.50	33.86	37.72	36.42
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	1.29	1.00	0.84	1.00	0.56
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer	2.97	2.00	2.25	3.47	2.84
Production cooperative member	0.21	0.40	0.18	0.30	0.06
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	8.80	7.80	13.31	8.79	12.51
Domestic worker	3.01	4.20	5.07	3.92	4.07
Men	1 130 212	1 167 692	1 162 875	1 166 458	1 270 606
Manual worker	16.17	17.30	19.90	16.17	27.34
White-collar worker	39.34	36.90	36.77	39.36	29.15
Self-employed	32.17	35.70	28.58	31.29	28.92
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	1.74	1.50	1.25	1.56	0.87
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer	4.13	2.50	2.71	4.64	3.90
Production cooperative member	0.37	0.70	0.33	0.53	0.12
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	5.82	5.10	10.09	6.22	9.49
Domestic worker	0.27	0.20	0.38	0.22	0.22
Women	886 832	923 483	993 375	951 978	1 026 131
Manual worker	2.72	3.00	3.26	3.80	4.20
White-collar worker	28.08	28.30	26.95	27.86	23.28
Self-employed	47.91	46.60	40.05	45.60	45.71
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	0.72	0.40	0.36	0.30	0.18
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer	1.48	1.20	1.71	2.04	1.54
Production cooperative member	0.00	0.10	0.01	0.02	0.00
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	12.60	11.10	17.09	11.94	16.24
Domestic worker	6.49	9.40	10.57	8.44	8.85

Table 4.2
Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Job category	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	1 620 849	1 545 873	1 728 001	1 706 502	1 789 065
Manual worker	5.48	4.30	6.59	6.17	9.03
White-collar worker	3.83	4.30	4.15	3.69	3.89
Self-employed	41.63	43.30	38.05	35.15	38.14
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	0.11	0.10	0.05	0.12	0.02
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer	1.19	0.40	1.05	4.31	3.68
Production cooperative member	0.45	0.30	0.66	0.21	0.07
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	46.82	47.00	48.91	49.98	44.63
Domestic worker	0.49	0.40	0.53	0.37	0.54
Men	870 284	864 490	965 527	993 700	999 826
Manual worker	9.02	6.80	10.22	8.90	13.82
White-collar worker	3.91	4.90	4.56	4.53	4.71
Self-employed	54.58	59.30	50.60	47.51	46.02
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	0.21	0.20	0.04	0.18	0.03
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer	1.83	0.60	1.49	6.25	6.18
Production cooperative member	0.83	0.50	1.13	0.34	0.13
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	29.58	27.70	31.95	32.24	28.99
Domestic worker	0.04	0.10	0.02	0.05	0.13
Women	750 565	681 383	762 474	712 802	789 239
Manual worker	1.37	1.10	2.00	2.38	2.95
White-collar worker	3.74	3.60	3.64	2.51	2.87
Self-employed	26.62	22.90	22.16	17.92	28.15
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	0.00	0.00	0.06	0.04	0.00
Unremunerated owner, partner or employer	0.44	0.20	0.49	1.61	0.52
Production cooperative member	0.00	0.00	0.07	0.03	0.00
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	66.82	71.40	70.39	74.70	64.44
Domestic worker	1.01	0.70	1.18	0.82	1.07

Table 5
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 5 (continued)

Economic activity	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Hotels and restaurants	3.89	3.90	4.00	4.61	5.40
Transport, storage, communications	4.98	4.30	4.64	4.60	4.55
Financial brokerage	0.48	0.50	0.52	0.45	0.34
Real estate, business and rental services	2.02	2.70	2.72	2.04	2.07
Public administration, defence and social security	2.26	2.20	1.79	1.97	1.91
Education	4.64	4.50	4.03	3.90	3.38
Social and health services	1.84	1.50	1.55	1.63	1.67
Community and personal services	2.25	2.90	2.60	3.03	3.39
Private homes	2.53	3.80	3.47	3.33	2.82
Extraterritorial bodies	0.03	0.10	0.02	0.09	0.02
Men	2 000 496	2 032 182	2 128 402	2 160 158	2 270 432
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	39.14	39.60	45.48	44.66	39.04
Forestry and fishery	0.64	0.50	0.09	0.14	1.37
Mining/quarrying	2.19	2.30	2.14	1.58	0.94
Manufacturing industry	12.06	11.10	9.89	12.19	10.95
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	0.37	0.80	0.39	0.31	0.64
Construction	10.49	11.50	8.70	9.04	12.23
Sales and repairs	10.93	10.70	10.35	9.58	11.94
Hotels and restaurants	1.83	1.60	1.87	1.88	2.79
Transport, storage, communications	8.57	7.00	7.51	7.56	7.60
Financial brokerage	0.45	0.70	0.73	0.47	0.43
Real estate, business and rental services	2.26	3.60	3.35	2.37	2.52
Public administration, defence and social security	3.11	3.00	2.59	2.68	2.66
Education	4.43	3.60	3.11	3.22	2.92
Social and health services	1.03	1.10	1.35	1.03	1.35
Community and personal services	2.25	2.50	2.15	2.52	2.27
Private homes	0.17	0.40	0.27	0.67	0.33
Extraterritorial bodies	0.06	0.00	0.03	0.09	0.04
Women	1 637 397	1 604 866	1 755.849	1 664 780	1 815 370
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	40.04	37.30	42.48	39.14	37.44
Forestry and fishery	0.12	0.10	0.05	0.11	0.36
Mining/quarrying	0.54	0.40	0.21	0.23	0.10
Manufacturing industry	10.59	8.80	8.36	9.85	10.67
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	0.05	0.10	0.17	0.08	0.09
Construction	0.16	0.50	0.36	0.63	1.04
Sales and repairs	22.68	22.60	20.15	20.20	21.44
Hotels and restaurants	6.42	6.80	6.58	8.15	8.67
Transport, storage, communications	0.59	0.90	1.16	0.75	0.74
Financial brokerage	0.52	0.40	0.27	0.43	0.21
Real estate, business and rental services	1.73	1.50	1.95	1.62	1.50
Public administration, defence and social security	1.21	1.20	0.82	1.05	0.97
Education	4.90	5.70	5.14	4.78	3.96
Social and health services	2.81	1.90	1.79	2.41	2.07
Community and personal services	2.24	3.50	3.14	3.68	4.79
Private homes	5.41	8.10	7.35	6.79	5.95
Extraterritorial bodies	0.00	0.10	0.00	0.10	0.01

Table 5.1
Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Economic activity	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	2 017 044	2 091 175	2 156 250	2 118 436	2 296 737
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	3.71	4.80	11.37	6.38	6.13
Forestry and fishery	0.13	0.10	0.00	0.01	0.25
Mining/quarrying	0.85	1.70	1.13	1.16	0.69
Manufacturing industry	18.37	15.30	14.15	18.13	15.75
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	0.27	0.80	0.52	0.36	0.47
Construction	8.75	10.40	7.66	8.19	10.99
Sales and repairs	26.89	25.40	24.31	23.28	25.86
Hotels and restaurants	6.29	6.00	6.28	7.55	7.72
Transport, storage, communications	8.58	6.90	7.69	7.67	7.60
Financial brokerage	0.87	1.00	0.93	0.80	0.60
Real estate, business and rental services	3.56	4.60	4.72	3.62	3.68
Public administration, defence and social security	3.90	3.50	3.01	3.19	3.20
Education	6.72	6.40	5.73	6.15	4.73
Social and health services	3.13	2.30	2.54	2.64	2.12
Community and personal services	3.80	4.70	4.27	5.06	5.71
Private homes	4.12	6.10	5.66	5.65	4.48
Extraterritorial bodies	0.06	0.10	0.03	0.16	0.04
Men	1 130 212	1 167 692	1 162 875	1 166 458	1 270 606
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	4.78	6.00	11.69	8.77	6.74
Forestry and fishery	0.22	0.20	0.00	0.02	0.36
Mining/quarrying	1.44	2.60	1.98	2.05	1.10
Manufacturing industry	19.90	17.50	16.16	20.49	18.56
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	0.42	1.20	0.70	0.60	0.73
Construction	15.47	17.90	13.70	14.04	18.68
Sales and repairs	18.23	17.80	17.99	16.42	18.33
Hotels and restaurants	3.06	2.60	3.03	3.12	3.97
Transport, storage, communications	14.51	11.20	12.54	12.84	12.69
Financial brokerage	0.80	1.20	1.33	0.95	0.77
Real estate, business and rental services	3.87	6.10	5.91	4.07	4.51
Public administration, defence and social security	5.30	4.70	4.40	4.20	4.40
Education	6.13	4.80	4.13	4.99	3.52
Social and health services	1.78	1.80	2.26	1.52	1.27
Community and personal services	3.69	4.00	3.66	4.56	4.05
Private homes	0.27	0.40	0.46	1.18	0.26
Extraterritorial bodies	0.11	0.10	0.05	0.17	0.06

Table 5.1 (continued)

Economic activity	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Women	886 832	923 483	993 375	951 978	1 026 131
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	2.35	3.20	10.99	3.71	5.37
Forestry and fishery	0.00	0.10	0.00	0.00	0.11
Mining/quarrying	0.10	0.60	0.14	0.23	0.17
Manufacturing industry	16.42	12.60	11.80	15.42	12.27
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	0.08	0.10	0.30	0.12	0.15
Construction	0.19	0.90	0.58	0.88	1.45
Sales and repairs	37.94	35.10	31.69	31.57	35.20
Hotels and restaurants	10.39	10.30	10.09	12.81	12.36
Transport, storage, communications	1.01	1.40	2.01	1.26	1.31
Financial brokerage	0.96	0.70	0.47	0.75	0.38
Real estate, business and rental services	3.16	2.70	3.34	2.83	2.64
Public administration, defence and social security	2.12	2.00	1.38	1.62	1.71
Education	7.47	8.30	7.61	7.50	6.22
Social and health services	4.86	3.00	2.87	3.91	3.16
Community and personal services	3.93	5.60	4.98	6.00	7.77
Private homes	9.02	13.20	11.74	11.19	9.70
Extraterritorial bodies	0.00	0.20	0.00	0.18	0.02

Table 5.2
Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation
by year, sex and economic activity 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Economic activity	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	1 620 849	1 545 873	1 728 001	1 706 502	1 789 065
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	84.13	84.40	84.99	86.79	79.67
Forestry and fishery	0.76	0.60	0.17	0.27	1.79
Mining/quarrying	2.19	1.10	1.44	0.78	0.41
Manufacturing industry	2.72	3.10	3.02	2.53	4.50
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	0.16	0.10	0.01	0.02	0.30
Construction	2.22	1.60	1.52	1.89	2.47
Sales and repairs	2.94	3.10	2.88	2.93	3.70
Hotels and restaurants	0.92	1.00	1.15	0.96	2.43
Transport, storage, communications	0.50	0.90	0.84	0.78	0.63
Financial brokerage	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.03	0.00
Real estate, business and rental services	0.11	0.20	0.22	0.09	0.00
Public administration, defence and social security	0.21	0.50	0.27	0.46	0.25
Education	2.05	2.00	1.90	1.10	1.66
Social and health services	0.22	0.30	0.32	0.38	1.09
Community and personal services	0.32	0.50	0.51	0.50	0.41
Private homes	0.55	0.80	0.74	0.46	0.70
Extraterritorial bodies	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00

Table 5.2 (continued)

Economic activity	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Men	870 284	864 490	965 527	993 700	999 826
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	83.76	85.10	86.17	87.04	80.08
Forestry and fishery	1.19	0.90	0.21	0.28	2.66
Mining/quarrying	3.17	1.90	2.34	1.18	0.73
Manufacturing industry	1.87	2.60	2.34	2.63	1.28
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	0 30	0 10	0 02	0 02	0 53
Construction	4.02	2.80	2.67	3.05	4.02
Sales and repairs	1.46	1.10	1.13	1.43	3.82
Hotels and restaurants	0.23	0.20	0.47	0.26	1.30
Transport, storage, communications	0.85	1.40	1.46	1.30	1.14
Financial brokerage	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.05	0.00
Real estate, business and rental services	0.17	0.30	0.27	0.16	0.01
Public administration, defence and social security	0.27	0.80	0.42	0.59	0.44
Education	2.22	2.00	1.88	1.08	2.16
Social and health services	0.07	0.10	0.26	0.35	1.45
Community and personal services	0.38	0.40	0.33	0.44	0.00
Private homes	0.04	0.40	0.04	0.13	0.41
Extraterritorial bodies	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.02	0.00
Women	750 565	681 383	762 474	712 802	789 239
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	84.56	83.60	83.51	86.45	79.14
Forestry and fishery	0.25	0.10	0.12	0.25	0.69
Mining/quarrying	1.06	0.10	0.30	0.22	0.00
Manufacturing industry	3.71	3.70	3.88	2.40	8.58
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	0.00	0.10	0.00	0.01	0.00
Construction	0.13	0.00	0.06	0.28	0.50
Sales and repairs	4.64	5.70	5.10	5.02	3.55
Hotels and restaurants	1.71	2.10	2.00	1.94	3.86
Transport, storage, communications	0.08	0.20	0.06	0.06	0.00
Financial brokerage	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Real estate, business and rental services	0.05	0.00	0.15	0.00	0.00
Public administration, defence and social security	0.14	0.20	0.08	0.28	0.01
Education	1.85	2.10	1.93	1.14	1.03
Social and health services	0.40	0.40	0.39	0.42	0.64
Community and personal services	0.25	0.60	0.74	0.59	0.92
Private homes	1.14	1.30	1.63	0.92	1.07
Extraterritorial bodies	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Table 6
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Labour market sector	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	3 637 893	3 637 048	3 884 251	3 824 938	4 085 802
Domestic	1.89	2.60	3.05	2.33	2.53
State	6.83	7.40	7.46	6.99	6.80
Family business	65.96	66.10	64.88	63.74	63.75
Semi-business	10.62	8.80	10.05	13.13	12.53
Business	14.71	15.10	14.56	13.80	14.40
Men	2 000 496	2 032 182	2 128 402	2 160 158	2 270 432
Domestic	0.17	0.10	0.21	0.14	0.18
State	7.02	7.80	7.81	6.81	6.99
Family business	58.07	60.50	58.57	56.95	54.53
Semi-business	14.21	12.40	13.60	17.18	17.61
Business	20.53	19.20	19.80	18.93	20.70
Women	1 637 397	1 604 866	1 755 849	1 664 780	1 815 370
Domestic	3.98	5.70	6.49	5.18	5.46
State	6.60	6.90	7.04	7.22	6.55
Family business	75.60	73.20	72.52	72.56	75.28
Semi-business	6.23	4.30	5.75	7.89	6.17
Business	7.59	9.80	8.20	7.15	6.54

Table 6.1
Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation by year,
sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Labour market sector	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	2 017 044	2 091 175	2 156 250	2 118 436	2 296 737
Domestic	3.01	4.20	5.07	3.92	4.07
State	10.34	10.70	11.41	10.65	9.65
Family business	47.89	48.30	47.18	46.51	48.93
Semi-business	15.40	12.60	14.14	17.59	16.49
Business	23.37	24.20	22.20	21.32	20.86
Men	1 130 212	1 167 692	1 162 875	1 166 458	1 270 606
Domestic	0.27	0.20	0.38	0.22	0.22
State	10.41	11.20	12.01	10.35	9.47
Family business	37.99	40.80	38.66	37.52	38.41
Semi-business	20.07	17.50	18.80	22.40	22.56
Business	31.25	30.30	30.15	29.51	29.34
Women	886 832	923 483	993 375	951 978	1 026 131
Domestic	6.49	9.40	10.57	8.44	8.85
State	10.23	10.00	10.70	11.02	9.87
Family business	60.51	57.70	57.14	57.54	61.95
Semi-business	9.43	6.30	8.69	11.71	8.98
Business	13.33	16.60	12.89	11.28	10.35

Table 6.2
Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation,
by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Labour market sector	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	1 620 849	1 545 873	1 728 001	1 706 502	1 789 065
Domestic	0.49	0.40	0.53	0.37	0.54
State	2.46	2.90	2.54	2.44	3.13
Family business	88.45	90.20	86.96	85.13	82.77
Semi-business	4.67	3.80	4.95	7.60	7.43
Business	3.92	2.70	5.02	4.47	6.12
Men	870 284	864 490	965 527	993 700	999 826
Domestic	0.04	0.10	0.02	0.05	0.13
State	2.60	3.20	2.76	2.65	3.83
Family business	84.16	87.00	82.54	79.75	75.01
Semi-business	6.59	5.40	7.35	11.04	11.32
Business	6.61	4.30	7.33	6.51	9.71
Women	750 565	681 383	762 474	712 802	789 239
Domestic	1.01	0.70	1.18	0.82	1.07
State	2.30	2.60	2.27	2.14	2.25
Family business	93.43	94.30	92.55	92.62	92.60
Semi-business	2.44	1.70	1.92	2.79	2.51
Business	0.81	0.70	2.09	1.64	1.58

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK

34. In accordance with the General Health, Occupational Safety and Welfare Act (No. 16998) of 2 August 1979, the Ministry of Labour conducts periodic inspections and reinspections of all companies and workplaces in the country on its own initiative or following complaints.

35. Under Supreme Decree No. 27732 of 15 September 2004 (annex 2), the Industrial Safety Department and the Labour Department were merged to become the Labour and Industrial Safety Department.

36. Under this new structure, the industrial health and safety inspection process was expanded into one of labour and industrial health and safety inspection, and this new concept has resulted in a more effective inspection policy. This new inspection process includes the following steps:

37. Following the inspection, a report is submitted to the relevant manager’s office, drawing attention to the inspector’s observations and the time frame for complying with them. If necessary, one or more reinspections are scheduled. Under this new procedure, there is an overall, more effective, inspection which is, above all, free from corruption.

38. Ministerial Decision No. 496/04 of 23 September 2004 (annex 8) approved the regulations on the configuration of the joint health, occupational safety and welfare committees, which are charged with ensuring the full participation of employers and workers in the resolution of incompany problems, with a view to avoiding professional hazards and illnesses.

39. In 2004, the Ministry of Labour, through the Industrial Safety and Occupational Health - Bolivia programme (SISO Bolivia), received a donation of field monitoring equipment for workplace environmental pollutants, supplemented by a 400-hour training course for technicians in the Labour and Industrial Safety Department, provided by the United States Department of Labor through the United States embassy in Bolivia.

40. The Government carries out various checks related to industrial safety and occupational health in companies through the National Occupational Medicine Institute (under the Ministry of Health and Sport) and the National Institute for Occupational Health.

41. In 2004, the Government sent a report to the International Labour Organization (ILO), providing information concerning measures adopted to implement the provisions of ILO Convention No. 81 concerning labour inspection.

42. The following is an extract from the report submitted by the Government in respect of the above-mentioned Convention, which covered the period between 2000 and 2004:

LABOUR INSPECTION CONVENTION, 1947

Convention No. 81
Ratified by Bolivia in 1973

The functions of the Ministry of Labour, as set out in the Executive Organization Act, are the following:

− To monitor the implementation of, and compliance with, legislation and international conventions relating to labour issues;

− To formulate policies aimed at guaranteeing job opportunities for all and improving working conditions;

− To formulate and implement policies aimed at ensuring good employee-employer relations and to formulate and apply norms relating to industrial safety, in cooperation with the ministries concerned.

In accordance with the General Labour Act, its regulatory statute and other legislation governing this area, the Ministry of Labour acts as the administrative authority for conciliation proceedings, with the possibility of directly accessing the courts to request the application of penalties when there is evidence of a violation of the law or to request recovery of trade union property.

The Ministry of Labour’s labour inspectorates are the specialized technical bodies within the public administration responsible for undertaking activities and exercising the functions set out in the law, conducting inspections with a view to ensuring that labour legislation is complied with impartially, equitably and fairly. This task is the exclusive, non-transferable and sovereign responsibility of the State, in accordance with the provisions of the General Labour Act and its regulatory statute.

It is clear that, as a result of the many changes in Bolivia in the last 20 years, there is a need to restructure the Ministry of Labour with a view to adapting it to the new needs of the country. A brief and non-exhaustive list of the changes in question includes: the adoption of a new model for the organization of State and society and a new economic model in 1985; significant changes to the electoral system, which resulted in citizens’ associations and indigenous peoples being included among the political actors under the 2004 constitutional reform; and municipal and departmental decentralization processes that have transformed the State’s administrative machinery.

There have been two constitutional reforms, 10 years apart, which have taken account of the new circumstances and demands of Bolivian social partners: new forms of work and the systematic application of employment models that in practice deny workers’ rights guaranteed under the Constitution and labour legislation.

The new situation, concerning which only a few details have been mentioned above, prompted the successive changes that have taken place in the country’s executive, whose organization has, since 1993, been governed by three different laws: the Ministries Act of 1993, the Executive Organization Act of 1997 and the Executive Organization Act of 2003. One of the executive’s most important portfolios - the Ministry of Labour - cannot be omitted from this list of organizational and structural changes. In addition to the foregoing, it should be noted that the International Labour Organization, aware of the new circumstances being experienced in Bolivia and elsewhere, and on the basis of related experience in this field, drew up observations whose ultimate purpose is to ensure that workers’ rights are respected and that there is an appropriate legal and institutional framework for the State to undertake its activities in the best possible way.

In this context, the Bolivian Government, in strict compliance with the recommendations of the International Labour Organization and with the technical assistance of that office, has begun a process of internal restructuring, bearing in mind that one of its principal functions is to monitor compliance with the social provisions in force.

Therefore, it has been decided to divide the Labour Inspectorate into two sections, conciliation and inspection, each of which will have specific functions aimed at offering better service to workers. The conciliation division will seek to improve relations between

workers and employers, while the inspection division will visit workplaces to assess, in situ, compliance with regulations governing that area. The need to use negotiation techniques in order to achieve conciliation objectives has been clearly identified.

In addition, industrial safety experts will join the team of labour inspectors, thus ensuring that monitoring of compliance with labour legislation and industrial safety provisions will be carried out by all labour inspectorates at the national level, covering:

In order to ensure effective supervision of the personnel of the Labour Inspectorate, the Ministry of Labour is developing a computer system which will enable its civil servants to organize labour inspections in a systematic, comprehensive and cross-cutting manner, which in turn will enable the Ministry to contribute to follow-up activities and the development of labour relations. This system is currently hindered by the limited economic resources available for implementation.

The Government has declared that, with a view to complying with the ILO recommendations, it has requested technical assistance, through the Ministry of Labour, to develop a process to restructure that Ministry and, in particular, the Labour Inspectorate, with a view to converting it into an effective and efficient body to defend the rights of workers and employers.

Finally, it should be noted that a delegation from the ILO regional office in Lima, composed of Rosa Fuentes and Adolfo Ciudad, visited Bolivia between 7 and 10 September, and held meetings with various officials from the Ministry of Labour, with whom they drafted a proposal for institutional restructuring to be incorporated into the annual operational plan for the year 2005, which will be implemented with technical assistance from ILO and which broadly relates to the operationalization of a statistics department, reforms to the labour inspectorate in terms of improving its service and quality, and strengthening of the departmental and regional labour directorates (annex 3 (b)).

43. The following is an extract from the report submitted by the Government for the period 2000 to 2004 in relation to ILO Convention No. 129:

LABOUR INSPECTION (AGRICULTURE) CONVENTION

Convention No. 129
Ratified by Bolivia in 1977

Bolivia is experiencing an economic crisis that is affecting activities in both the public and private sectors, and is manifesting itself in various fields and on various scales. As a result of this crisis, which, as noted, also affects the State, the Government is under economic and financial restrictions which prevent it from rigorously monitoring compliance with labour and occupational safety legislation in the agricultural sector.

Naturally, the agricultural sector must count on the protection of the State with regard to violations of workers’ rights by employers. In that regard, and despite the aforementioned limitations, the Ministry of Labour, through the Labour Department, is promoting the implementation of a pilot project in four regions of Bolivia, in order to make progress in terms of providing the necessary guarantees, security and support in this area, to both workers and employers. The regions in question are Bermejo, Yacuiba, Villamontes and Riberalta; the first three are located in the department of Tarija and the fourth in the department of Beni.

The Ministry of Labour considers that public servants who provide services in the aforementioned agricultural regions carry out their functions to their fullest potential, complying with the provisions of the General Labour Act, its regulatory statute and other related norms.

The intention is that, once the national system of labour inspectorates has been established and consolidated, it will be adapted to Bolivia’s agricultural sector, with a view to fulfilling the mandate set out in the relevant legislation. With the support of ILO and in the framework of restructuring the Ministry of Labour, which is considered a task of fundamental importance for the immediate future, there are plans to strengthen the inspectorates in the aforementioned areas, which, given their characteristics, are the most appropriate for inclusion in this pilot phase.

Bermejo is a town located in the department of Tarija, in the south-east of Bolivia, and its principal economic activity is sugar-cane production. The city of Riberalta is located in the north-east of the country, in the department of Beni, and forms part of what is known as the Bolivian Amazon. The principal economic activity in the area is chestnut production. Third is the city of Yacuiba, also located in the department of Tarija, whose principal economic activities are livestock-rearing and fishing, although, since it is on the border with Argentina, there is also strong commercial activity. Finally, the city of Villamontes is also in the department of Tarija, and its principal economic activity is fishing.

In order to better characterize the areas in question, it should be noted that the towns of Bermejo, Yacuiba and Villamontes, in the department of Tarija, are part of what is known as the Bolivian Chaco, which is home to indigenous groups such as the Weenhayek or matacos, whose primary activity is fishing. Riberalta is home to the Esse-Ejjas indigenous people, known until recently as chamas, who are involved in the production of chestnuts and rubber, the latter to a lesser extent in recent years.

There are significant social inequalities, which also have a racial component, in all of the above-mentioned areas. For example, in the department of Tarija, specifically in the towns mentioned previously, owners of unworked farms, who are criollos, that is, descended from Europeans (principally Spanish), exploit and marginalize the indigenous

people living in the area. It should not be forgotten that in other provinces of the Bolivian Chaco, located in the department of Chuquisaca, there are captive indigenous communities, in respect of which the Government is taking measures with the technical assistance of ILO and in application of Convention No. 105.

Since the town of Yacuiba is located on the border with Argentina, commercial activity is of considerable importance and takes the unmistakable form of smuggling, in which bagalleros (smallscale smugglers) predominate. It was in this region that the Movimiento sin Tierra was established, later spreading to other parts of the country.

In Riberalta, there have also been cases of exploitation of indigenous labourers by employers, characterized by inadequate working conditions and exacerbated by the existence of an institutional system showing little solidarity and tolerant of these conditions in which the social protection of workers is neglected.

It can be seen that the Ministry of Labour has taken a decision that will be of singular importance in terms of the presence of labour inspectors in agricultural areas, which it is intended will have sufficient capacity and resources to ensure compliance with the provisions of the General Labour Act, its regulatory statute and international labour norms. It is hoped that all of the above will be achieved through the implementation of the project to restructure the Ministry of Labour which is being developed with technical assistance from ILO (annex 3 (f)).

EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR EVERYONE TO BE PROMOTED IN THEIR
EMPLOYMENT TO AN APPROPRIATE HIGHER LEVEL, AND THE
RIGHT TO REST, LEISURE AND REASONABLE LIMITATION OF
WORKING HOURS AND PERIODIC HOLIDAYS WITH PAY, AS WELL
AS REMUNERATION FOR PUBLIC HOLIDAYS

44. The inspection processes make it possible to review compliance with labour norms, and review the internal regulations of each company, which should provide for the obligatory promotions established by article 65 of the General Labour Act, as well as the working conditions of each worker, requiring a review of payrolls (annex 10).

45. The Ministry of Labour receives complaints and carries out subsequent conciliation proceedings or inspections to monitor whether employers and workers are complying with the provisions of labour legislation. An average of 30 conciliation sessions are held each day, and in the last four years the number of sessions has tripled. Regrettably, there are no statistics on inspections carried out, since the Ministry of Labour does not have a statistics office.

STATISTICAL TABLES

Table 1
Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)

Occupational group	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	42.85	45.04	39.60	42.89	42.93
Public- and private-sector managers	50.58	47.84	47.13	51.83	43.34
Professionals	34.60	42.14	34.63	35.84	37.42
Technical and professional support	36.85	33.25	38.46	37.73	36.22
Office workers	44.31	43.05	42.02	46.80	45.30
Retail and service sector workers	48.82	52.06	43.81	49.93	48.70
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers	38.06	41.55	37.21	36.99	39.26
Mining, construction and manufacturing	44.75	46.54	41.80	45.61	43.44
Equipment and machinery operators	58.69	58.52	55.13	60.71	58.53
Unskilled workers	46.26	46.50	35.07	45.57	43.26
Armed forces	38.34	48.65	42.80	48.21	46.14
Men	44.52	46.94	42.22	45.22	45.39
Public- and private-sector managers	52.41	48.69	46.30	53.67	42.77
Professionals	36.62	43.36	37.46	3977	36.71
Technical and professional support	37.72	36.67	39.98	39.77	36.01
Office workers	48.13	45.77	47.02	46.98	46.19
Retail and service sector workers	48.11	55.92	44.41	52.47	51.53
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers	38.82	42.79	39.00	38.97	40.69
Mining, construction and manufacturing	47.48	48.36	44.72	48.45	47.49
Equipment and machinery operators	58.78	58.72	55.26	61.20	59.13
Unskilled workers	52.20	51.60	37.60	48.39	50.26
Armed forces	38.34	48.65	42.80	48.21	46.14
Women	40.80	42.64	36.43	39.87	39.84
Public- and private-sector managers	45.92	46.48	51.03	44.31	44.88
Professionals	32.20	40.11	31.70	31.84	37.97
Technical and professional support	34.98	28.30	34.85	33.43	36.69
Office workers	41.15	40.96	38.72	46.64	44.50
Retail and service sector workers	49.07	50.47	43.57	48.93	47.31
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers	37.19	39.91	34.45	34.24	37.41
Mining, construction and manufacturing	36.26	39.55	32.43	38.11	32.71
Equipment and machinery operators	40.00	46.20	45.62	36.35	20.35
Unskilled workers	42.75	43.91	33.48	43.38	38.87
Armed forces

Table 1.1
Urban areas: Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)

Occupational group	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	45.98	47.33	42.61	46.71	45.92
Public- and private-sector managers	51.25	47.36	47.32	52.56	44.52
Professionals	34.57	42.20	34.89	35.97	38.42
Technical and professional support	37.46	33.72	38.26	37.72	36.69
Office workers	44.36	42.79	41.89	46.35	45.56
Retail and service sector workers	48.97	52.59	44.00	50.17	49.66
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers	37.81	40.51	34.67	35.88	41.07
Mining, construction and manufacturing	45.77	47.68	43.01	46.26	45.41
Equipment and machinery operators	58.92	58.80	56.45	61.69	59.73
Unskilled workers	45.53	46.44	40.43	46.33	42.34
Armed forces	38.34	47.36	42.80	48.02	47.50
Men	48.19	49.57	45.43	49.40	48.48
Public- and private-sector managers	53.39	47.68	46.36	54.36	45.44
Professionals	36.48	43.55	38.48	40.10	37.83
Technical and professional support	38.43	37.90	39.88	39.45	36.37
Office workers	48.07	45.81	46.67	46.31	46.40
Retail and service sector workers	48.30	56.25	44.75	52.87	51.33
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers	42.47	42.23	36.91	37.45	40.09
Mining, construction and manufacturing	48.40	48.87	45.21	49.08	48.39
Equipment and machinery operators	58.98	59.03	56.62	62.26	59.77
Unskilled workers	51.40	52.32	44.00	49.74	49.14
Armed forces	38.34	47.36	42.80	48.02	47.50
Women	43.16	44.51	39.31	43.42	42.76
Public- and private-sector managers	45.77	46.89	51.43	45.18	42.32
Professionals	32.39	39.98	31.21	31.94	38.87
Technical and professional support	35.33	27.66	34.23	34.14	37.27
Office workers	41.30	40.49	38.77	46.38	44.81
Retail and service sector workers	49.22	50.97	43.69	49.06	48.78
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers	27.15	36.10	30.55	32.23	42.45
Mining, construction and manufacturing	36.89	42.39	35.08	38.99	35.19
Equipment and machinery operators	40.00	46.20	45.62	36.35	50.08
Unskilled workers	42.86	44.07	38.82	44.38	39.22
Armed forces

Table 1.2
Rural areas: Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)

Occupational group	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	38.95	41.94	35.85	38.15	39.08
Public- and private-sector managers	45.48	49.83	45.82	46.63	37.26
Professionals	34.93	39.19	33.35	34.28	24.87
Technical and professional support	33.24	30.48	41.29	37.89	34.01
Office workers	41.61	48.85	49.78	60.32	36.49
Retail and service sector workers	47.42	47.39	42.22	47.69	41.10
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers	38.07	41.61	37.43	37.08	39.09
Mining, construction and manufacturing	39.95	39.52	35.27	41.12	35.39
Equipment and machinery operators	55.17	56.50	44.57	53.03	40.48
Unskilled workers	49.71	46.86	30.24	42.67	47.41
Armed forces	0.00	57.62	0.00	52.50	40.00
Men	39.76	43.40	38.36	40.32	41.47
Public- and private-sector managers	44.83	52.13	45.94	48.69	31.28
Professionals	37.94	35.74	32.63	36.76	26.01
Technical and professional support	33.19	29.35	41.74	42.37	34.74
Office workers	51.61	44.91	59.45	68.31	40.12
Retail and service sector workers	45.62	50.20	40.32	46.38	54.43
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers	38.57	42.84	39.20	39.12	40.74
Mining, construction and manufacturing	42.63	44.44	41.55	44.34	42.08
Equipment and machinery operators	55.71	56.50	44.57	53.03	47.28
Unskilled workers	54.01	49.67	33.68	45.79	52.53
Armed forces	0.00	57.62	0.00	52.50	40.00
Women	38.00	40.10	32.68	35.13	36.05
Public- and private-sector managers	47.03	44.02	44.35	37.75	70.00
Professionals	29.11	56.00	34.13	30.28	23.41
Technical and professional support	33.33	32.14	40.71	26.06	28.10
Office workers	34.03	52.39	34.34	54.11	32.00
Retail and service sector workers	47.84	46.88	42.68	47.97	37.96
Agricultural, livestock and fishery workers	37.52	40.06	34.76	34.35	36.97
Mining, construction and manufacturing	34.08	30.27	23.50	31.27	27.80
Equipment and machinery operators	40.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	11.84
Unskilled workers	41.65	42.19	27.35	34.40	35.23
Armed forces	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Table 2
Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)

Job category	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	42.90	45.04	39.60	42.89	42.93
Manual worker	48.28	50.89	46.85	46.99	49.53
White-collar worker	45.37	44.66	45.07	48.33	47.44
Self-employed	45.25	46.93	41.34	44.33	42.40
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	44.22	55.34	47.18	55.36	52.51
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	52.31	48.64	48.84	46.53	49.55
Production cooperative member	49.55	50.46	45.49	52.76	50.54
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	33.72	37.79	29.17	33.75	35.84
Domestic worker	55.25	62.73	53.31	53.54	50.46
Men	44.57	46.94	42.22	45.22	45.39
Manual worker	49.02	52.11	47.78	49.09	50.83
White-collar worker	48.34	48.53	48.66	51.37	50.14
Self-employed	46.49	47.67	43.38	45.88	45.12
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	45.35	58.38	50.97	56.91	52.60
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	52.74	50.54	48.15	47.43	48.76
Production cooperative member	49.55	49.65	46.02	52.47	50.54
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	28.60	36.27	27.39	31.76	33.53
Domestic worker	44.23	61.69	51.83	54.59	45.53
Women	40.85	42.64	36.43	39.87	39.84
Manual worker	42.66	41.81	40.45	36.07	40.00
White-collar worker	40.23	38.26	39.34	42.91	43.12
Self-employed	43.57	45.77	38.38	42.03	39.14
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	40.42	38.32	33.76	45.81	51.98
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	50.66	43.35	50.39	43.13	53.95
Production cooperative member	0.00	67.28	34.22	60.60	0.00
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	36.42	38.56	30.25	34.96	37.24
Domestic worker	55.83	62.76	53.37	53.50	50.66

Table 2.1
Urban areas: Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, broken down by sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)

Job category	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	45.98	47.15	42.61	46.71	45.92
Manual worker	48.56	51.97	48.49	48.58	50.73
White-collar worker	45.80	44.94	45.06	48.57	48.32
Self-employed	47.26	48.05	42.05	45.45	44.83
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	44.44	56.06	49.12	55.86	52.37
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	53.05	48.39	50.50	47.68	53.10
Production cooperative member	68.64	49.25	51.98	53.00	35.38
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	32.14	35.21	26.87	38.14	34.27
Domestic worker	55.31	62.34	52.96	53.25	50.11
Men	48.19	49.37	45.43	49.40	48.48
Manual worker	48.93	52.95	49.13	50.19	51.50
White-collar worker	48.86	49.02	49.01	51.53	51.76
Self-employed	49.88	49.50	45.38	49.03	47.88
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	45.76	59.52	51.80	57.48	52.44
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	54.35	49.63	49.32	48.90	51.10
Production cooperative member	68.64	47.94	50.80	52.79	35.38
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	27.71	35.46	22.95	33.70	30.46
Domestic worker	41.11	57.00	52.18	55.75	38.87
Women	43.16	44.35	39.31	43.42	42.76
Manual worker	45.76	44.75	43.94	40.17	44.54
White-collar worker	40.33	38.20	38.76	43.44	42.97
Self-employed	45.01	46.64	39.26	42.44	42.43
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	40.42	38.32	38.08	45.98	51.98
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	48.45	45.05	52.70	44.29	59.34
Production cooperative member	0.00	67.28	84.00	61.41	0.00
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	34.75	35.06	29.59	40.97	37.04
Domestic worker	56.07	62.49	52.99	53.17	50.45

Table 2.2
Rural areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)

Job category	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	38.95	41.84	35.85	38.15	39.08
Manual worker	46.83	46.61	43.06	43.60	46.61
White-collar worker	40.36	39.60	45.12	45.51	39.76
Self-employed	42.74	44.99	40.52	42.84	39.42
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	41.00	45.49	26.85	50.24	59.00
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	49.99	50.16	44.39	45.37	46.03
Production cooperative member	38.58	52.99	43.23	52.36	68.00
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	34.09	38.37	29.95	32.79	36.40
Domestic worker	54.82	68.81	57.49	57.35	53.85
Men	39.76	43.31	38.36	40.32	41.47
Manual worker	48.32	48.59	44.61	46.73	49.14
White-collar worker	41.56	42.43	45.26	49.68	37.38
Self-employed	43.85	45.78	41.98	43.44	42.91
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	41.00	45.49	54.75	51.19	59.00
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	48.02	55.61	45.57	46.14	46.89
Production cooperative member	38.58	52.99	44.34	51.90	68.00
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	28.83	36.48	29.08	31.32	34.81
Domestic worker	70.00	38.08	42.99	48.00	60.00
Women	38.00	39.99	32.68	35.13	36.05
Manual worker	35.40	30.72	33.05	27.35	31.60
White-collar worker	38.90	34.73	44.91	35.15	44.70
Self-employed	40.09	42.58	36.30	40.62	32.19
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	0.00	0.00	3.00	44.00	0.00
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	59.44	31.06	39.84	41.17	33.03
Production cooperative member	0.00	0.00	21.50	60.00	0.00
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	36.79	39.30	30.46	33.67	37.30
Domestic worker	54.09	67.37	57.78	58.08	52.92

Table 3
Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)

Economic activity	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	42.85	46.65	39.60	42.89	42.93
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	38.44	43.35	35.84	37.59	39.81
Forestry and fishery	43.88	41.84	15.59	23.09	41.76
Mining/quarrying	47.65	49.67	49.68	49.28	54.48
Manufacturing industry	43.91	47.03	39.76	45.39	41.20
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	45.93	55.58	45.35	49.28	54.49
Construction	48.41	50.79	46.88	49.60	48.93
Sales and repairs	48.22	52.12	41.77	49.48	49.09
Hotels and restaurants	46.16	50.21	43.61	43.89	37.23
Transport, storage, communications	57.55	58.45	54.53	58.89	55.77
Financial brokerage	47.89	50.92	48.08	46.63	48.15
Real estate, business and rental services	41.67	46.46	42.11	49.82	44.65
Public administration, defence and social security	47.14	54.18	48.93	50.23	50.92
Education	28.76	31.67	27.68	28.59	32.19
Social and health services	45.20	46.45	42.14	40.99	40.65
Community and personal services	33.93	33.57	32.18	35.22	31.47
Private homes	50.63	52.55	49.35	53.07	48.47
Extraterritorial organizations	40.00	68.29	40.00	44.21	48.40
Men	44.52	48.64	42.22	45.22	45.39
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	39.44	45.08	38.33	39.80	41.38
Forestry and fishery	45.68	44.02	17.84	25.59	43.63
Mining/quarrying	47.85	50.29	49.86	51.46	55.45
Manufacturing industry	48.80	49.63	44.91	49.48	47.16
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	46.53	57.08	46.05	50.66	55.60
Construction	48.43	50.92	47.25	50.04	49.86
Sales and repairs	48.47	53.76	42.31	49.09	49.22
Hotels and restaurants	49.32	54.21	41.98	47.67	39.39
Transport, storage, communications	58.49	59.59	55.76	60.06	56.97
Financial brokerage	48.85	53.11	49.49	47.94	47.76
Real estate, business and rental services	42.38	48.08	45.52	50.75	45.90
Public administration, defence and social security	49.00	58.65	50.73	51.58	53.69
Education	30.10	32.78	29.02	32.12	30.16
Social and health services	44.69	51.80	41.66	43.95	41.78
Community and personal services	35.25	39.94	37.77	42.57	35.67
Private homes	44.23	44.55	49.06	49.92	42.43
Extraterritorial organizations	40.00	84.00	40.00	38.00	50.50

Table 3 (continued)

Economic activity	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Women	40.80	44.12	36.43	39.87	39.84
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	37.25	41.01	32.62	34.32	37.75
Forestry and fishery	31.65	30.10	10.69	18.85	32.89
Mining/quarrying	46.67	44.96	47.54	29.84	42.64
Manufacturing industry	37.12	42.88	32.37	38.82	33.54
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	40.00	43.75	43.42	41.76	44.31
Construction	47.00	47.07	35.97	41.41	35.15
Sales and repairs	48.07	51.15	41.43	49.72	49.01
Hotels and restaurants	45.06	49.05	44.16	42.76	36.36
Transport, storage, communications	40.89	47.17	44.89	43.68	40.49
Financial brokerage	46.87	46.31	43.37	44.77	49.14
Real estate, business and rental services	40.54	41.62	35.02	48.06	42.00
Public administration, defence and social security	41.32	39.80	42.04	45.73	41.44
Education	27.28	30.77	26.70	25.52	34.07
Social and health services	45.43	42.53	42.58	39.33	39.73
Community and personal services	32.29	27.84	27.54	28.80	28.98
Private homes	50.88	53.08	49.36	53.47	48.89
Extraterritorial organizations	0.00	60.07	0.00	50.82	40.00

Table 3.1
Urban areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and economic sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Economic sector	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	45.98	48.73	42.61	46.71	45.92
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	39.14	42.82	38.70	38.66	42.03
Forestry and fishery	58.43	44.12	0.00	33.57	45.70
Mining/quarrying	51.17	49.43	52.00	52.05	49.90
Manufacturing industry	45.07	48.10	41.26	46.16	43.71
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	40.90	55.29	45.33	49.63	49.25
Construction	49.55	50.54	47.28	50.81	49.62
Sales and repairs	48.29	52.12	42.36	49.42	49.24
Hotels and restaurants	47.33	50.16	42.28	44.65	41.10
Transport, storage, communications	57.89	57.88	55.69	59.72	56.85
Financial brokerage	47.89	50.92	48.08	46.37	48.15
Real estate, business and rental services	41.82	46.82	41.57	50.17	44.65
Public administration, defence and social security	46.99	54.03	48.93	50.57	51.52
Education	27.99	32.71	27.34	28.46	34.26
Social and health services	43.33	45.99	41.52	39.76	41.79
Community and personal services	33.80	33.91	31.66	35.47	32.21
Private homes	50.50	51.96	49.86	52.94	48.05
Extraterritorial organizations	40.00	68.29	40.00	45.89	48.40

Table 3.1 (continued)

Economic sector	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Men	48.19	50.83	45.43	49.40	48.48
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	43.10	44.78	40.88	40.41	41.80
Forestry and fishery	58.43	52.20	0.00	33.57	42.07
Mining/quarrying	51.52	50.01	51.69	54.15	50.80
Manufacturing industry	49.44	49.93	45.43	50.16	47.46
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	41.04	56.25	46.04	50.71	50.10
Construction	49.51	50.68	47.71	51.26	50.54
Sales and repairs	48.59	53.62	42.89	48.98	49.49
Hotels and restaurants	49.88	53.53	41.78	47.84	44.32
Transport, storage, communications	58.82	59.22	57.14	61.13	58.21
Financial brokerage	48.85	53.11	49.49	47.54	47.76
Real estate, business and rental services	42.37	48.62	44.52	51.31	45.91
Public administration, defence and social security	48.85	58.82	50.75	51.59	54.68
Education	29.75	34.46	29.16	32.35	33.02
Social and health services	44.77	51.09	41.14	40.18	43.36
Community and personal services	34.37	40.28	37.31	42.71	35.67
Private homes	41.11	30.91	50.27	50.19	33.42
Extraterritorial organizations	40.00	84.00	40.00	40.57	50.50
Women	43.16	46.07	39.31	43.42	42.76
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	28.89	38.24	35.98	33.70	42.39
Forestry and fishery	0.00	31.69	0.00	0.00	60.28
Mining/quarrying	44.95	46.15	57.18	30.82	42.64
Manufacturing industry	38.31	44.89	34.59	39.70	36.70
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	40.00	45.12	43.42	43.52	44.31
Construction	54.00	47.07	35.51	41.87	34.98
Sales and repairs	48.10	51.15	42.01	49.71	49.08
Hotels and restaurants	46.37	49.10	42.45	43.65	39.83
Transport, storage, communications	40.91	44.83	45.11	42.28	40.49
Financial brokerage	46.87	46.31	43.37	44.77	49.14
Real estate, business and rental services	40.95	41.62	35.46	48.06	42.00
Public administration, defence and social security	41.04	39.48	42.18	47.13	41.45
Education	26.15	31.43	26.17	25.24	35.12
Social and health services	42.66	42.11	41.86	39.54	41.00
Community and personal services	33.13	28.08	26.79	29.24	29.98
Private homes	50.86	52.85	49.85	53.28	48.55
Extraterritorial organizations	0.00	60.07	0.00	50.82	40.00

Table 3.2
Rural areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and economic sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Economic sector	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	38.95	43.83	35.85	38.15	39.08
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	38.40	43.39	35.37	37.49	39.58
Forestry and fishery	40.86	41.00	15.59	22.46	41.07
Mining/quarrying	45.95	50.16	47.41	44.17	64.43
Manufacturing industry	34.20	39.73	30.97	38.59	29.89
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	56.48	58.81	46.24	41.30	65.16
Construction	42.82	53.04	44.32	43.11	44.97
Sales and repairs	47.41	52.20	35.58	50.05	47.74
Hotels and restaurants	36.24	50.54	52.69	36.52	21.47
Transport, storage, communications	50.32	64.49	41.27	48.79	39.27
Financial brokerage	0.00	0.00	0.00	55.99	0.00
Real estate, business and rental services	35.80	32.31	56.98	32.88	36.00
Public administration, defence and social security	50.73	55.66	48.91	47.26	41.01
Education	31.93	27.22	28.97	29.52	24.65
Social and health services	77.96	52.05	48.39	51.61	37.83
Community and personal services	35.70	29.04	37.57	32.14	18.13
Private homes	51.87	58.78	44.44	55.00	51.91
Extraterritorial organizations	0.00	0.00	0.00	21.00	0.00
Men	39.76	45.69	38.36	40.32	41.47
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	39.17	45.11	37.91	39.73	41.33
Forestry and fishery	42.56	42.07	17.84	24.80	43.90
Mining/quarrying	45.68	50.82	47.98	46.31	64.43
Manufacturing industry	39.92	46.80	40.66	43.37	41.71
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	56.48	72.00	46.24	49.47	65.16
Construction	43.03	53.04	44.37	43.35	45.86
Sales and repairs	46.46	56.70	31.33	50.63	47.54
Hotels and restaurants	39.63	68.19	43.52	45.16	20.37
Transport, storage, communications	51.14	63.47	41.47	47.66	39.27
Financial brokerage	0.00	0.00	0.00	55.99	0.00
Real estate, business and rental services	42.50	32.31	72.11	32.88	36.00
Public administration, defence and social security	52.90	57.26	50.46	51.45	41.03
Education	31.36	27.21	28.65	30.82	24.22
Social and health services	42.07	63.70	47.17	64.36	40.02
Community and personal services	46.35	34.82	43.82	41.00
Private homes	70.00	64.86	32.41	47.12	49.86
Extraterritorial organizations	0.00	0.00	0.00	21.00	0.00
Women	38.00	41.46	32.68	35.13	36.05
Agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting	37.52	41.16	32.04	34.36	37.34
Forestry and fishery	31.65	26.82	10.69	18.85	27.19
Mining/quarrying	46.87	37.50	41.78	28.48
Manufacturing industry	30.85	33.47	23.57	31.29	27.66
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	0.00	40.55	0.00	20.00

Economic sector	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Construction	35.49	0.00	41.82	39.49	35.79
Sales and repairs	47.75	51.08	36.77	49.82	48.03
Hotels and restaurants	35.71	48.72	55.44	34.91	21.93
Transport, storage, communications	40.55	76.47	34.71	81.38	0.00
Financial brokerage	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Real estate, business and rental services	12.00	0.00	22.44	0.00	0.00
Public administration, defence and social security	46.06	45.35	38.89	34.86	40.00
Education	32.71	27.23	29.38	27.90	25.78
Social and health services	85.19	46.79	49.40	36.75	31.57
Community and personal services	17.12	25.01	34.04	22.98	18.13
Private homes	51.08	56.34	44.82	56.55	52.90
Extraterritorial organizations	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Table 4
Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Labour market sector	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	42.85	44.90	39.60	42.89	42.93
Domestic	55.25	62.73	53.31	53.54	50.46
State	37.48	39.40	39.81	38.98	40.47
Family business	40.70	43.41	35.86	39.82	39.66
Semi-business	49.74	47.81	46.03	48.79	49.48
Business	48.38	49.34	48.85	51.64	51.51
Men	44.52	46.79	42.22	45.22	45.39
Domestic	44.23	61.69	51.83	54.59	45.53
State	39.31	44.42	44.74	43.30	43.16
Family business	41.50	44.70	37.90	41.37	41.28
Semi-business	51.94	49.70	47.13	49.77	50.15
Business	49.73	52.33	50.53	53.33	52.94
Women	40.80	42.50	36.43	39.87	39.84
Domestic	55.83	62.76	53.37	53.50	50.66
State	35.09	32.18	33.17	33.69	36.88
Family business	39.96	42.05	33.87	38.25	38.20
Semi-business	43.61	40.99	42.88	46.05	47.08
Business	43.90	41.94	43.94	45.82	45.84

Table 4.1
Urban areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Labour market sector	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	45.98	47.33	42.61	46.71	45.92
Domestic	55.3	62.34	52.96	53.25	50.11
State	37.5	40.55	40.24	38.87	42.48
Family business	44.5	46.29	37.77	44.07	42.13
Semi-business	50.6	48.13	47.20	50.39	51.80
Business	48.5	49.35	48.83	52.16	50.95
Men	48.19	49.57	45.43	49.40	48.48
Domestic	41.11	57.00	52.18	55.75	38.87
State	40.05	46.08	45.65	43.18	46.19
Family business	46.49	48.15	39.53	46.49	43.58
Semi-business	52.97	50.09	48.55	51.20	52.49
Business	49.97	52.40	50.87	53.90	52.62
Women	43.16	44.51	39.31	43.42	42.76
Domestic	56.1	62.49	52.99	53.17	50.45
State	34.3	32.74	33.14	33.89	38.08
Family business	42.9	44.64	36.37	42.14	41.02
Semi-business	44.2	41.26	43.79	48.50	49.65
Business	44.3	42.30	43.24	46.59	45.07

Table 4.2
Rural areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Labour market sector	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	38.95	41.84	35.85	38.15	39.08
Domestic	54.82	68.81	57.49	57.35	53.85
State	37.20	34.35	37.37	39.60	32.50
Family business	38.16	41.54	34.58	36.94	37.79
Semi-business	46.22	46.97	41.88	44.22	42.87
Business	47.12	49.30	48.95	48.57	53.95
Men	39.76	43.31	38.36	40.32	41.47
Domestic	70.00	84.00	42.99	48.00	60.00
State	35.48	36.58	39.97	43.88	33.63
Family business	38.57	42.78	36.99	38.54	39.78
Semi-business	47.87	48.74	42.77	46.36	44.22
Business	48.29	51.65	48.82	50.34	54.14
Women	38.00	39.99	32.68	35.13	36.05
Domestic	54.09	67.37	57.78	58.08	52.92
State	39.44	30.81	33.37	32.36	30.05
Family business	37.73	40.10	31.86	35.02	35.75
Semi-business	41.09	39.62	37.55	32.37	35.11
Business	36.00	30.00	49.53	38.73	52.47

46. “Productive Bolivia” National Dialogue. Information concerning the “Productive Bolivia” National Dialogue, whose objective is to contribute to combating poverty, has been provided on a disk.

33. The Committee calls on the State party to ensure just and favourable working conditions to domestic workers, in particular with regard to daily and weekly rest and annual paid vacation, terms of dismissal, social benefits and salary.

47. Through Act No. 2450 on regulating paid domestic work, the Government introduced conditions for domestic workers comparable to those set out in the General Labour Act; that is, including the conditions specified by the Committee.

48. In this regard, the above-mentioned Act stipulates that paid domestic work is subject to participation in the National Health Fund; the working day is set at 10 hours of service if the worker is living in the employer’s house and eight hours if not; it is also laid down that all paid workers have the right to one day’s rest per week; holidays are the same as those provided for under the General Labour Act; in the event of unfair dismissal, workers have the right to apply to the Labour and Social Security Court for payment of social benefits.

49. Every month, the health insurance funds (short-term social security) and pension fund administrators (long-term social security) receive and review payrolls to check that employers’ and workers’ contributions have been paid.

50. The Ministry of Labour carries out the same task, but on a quarterly basis, checking, among other data, short-term (health insurance) and long-term (pension fund) social security contributions. To ensure effective coordination among the three bodies, information is exchanged, in compliance with Ministerial Decision No. 001/04 of 13 January 2004.

51. In addition, the labour and social security courts have the power to request information from the three institutions to help them decide on cases. With regard to this last point, the following information relating to health is provided:

Background

1. As a State party to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which guarantees the rights to occupational health and safety and social security, Bolivia has an obligation to respond to the needs of the population in terms of protecting human capital and human health, based on the principles of universality, solidarity, equal treatment, economy, timeliness and efficiency.

2. In this context, with a view to improving the prevention of occupational injuries and promoting workers’ health, the National Health Insurance Institute, through Administrative Decision No. 026/04 of 22 April 2004, approved a manual for administrators of short-term health insurance funds on the organization of occupational medicine, functions and norms of diagnosis

and treatment, to assist in planning and implementing the occupational accident and illness components of the professional risk insurance programme, which provides mental and physical health cover for workers insured with all of the country’s insurers.

3. This instrument defines the structural framework set out in the ILO convention and in article 7 (b) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights on occupational risk insurance.

Developments

With regard to article 9 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the following policies have been implemented in Bolivia:

Conscious of the need to extend protection to the elderly, the Government, through Act No. 1886 of 14 August 1998, introduced free old-age medical insurance. It is applied through the short-term health insurance funds. Currently, 176,517 persons over 60 are covered by free old-age medical insurance (Yearbook of the National Health Insurance Institute 2004).

Universal maternal and infant insurance, aimed at providing universal, free health services to women during pregnancy and up to six months after childbirth and to children under the age of 5, was introduced through Act No. 2426 of 21 November 2002. This insurance scheme is run by the municipalities, and payment is in accordance with the services granted and received.

Right of all persons to enjoy equitable and satisfactory working conditions

52. Current socio-economic conditions in Bolivia have prevented the implementation of policies aimed at improving the national minimum wage for workers, despite constant demands on the part of workers in various sectors for such an increase to be made effective through a series of petitions sent to the various ministries.

53. Consequently, the national minimum wage has increased by only 2.32 per cent since 2002. Supreme Decree No. 27049 of 26 May 2003 provided for the most recent increase in the national minimum wage, in line with the austerity policy implemented by the Government.

54. As a result of constant pressure on the Government from the health and education sectors, there was an exceptional 3 per cent increase in basic pay for those sectors, implemented through Supreme Decree No. 27654 of 30 June 2004 (annex 6). The increase was mutually agreed or freely set in the private sector subject to the signature of a salary agreement between the parties (this agreement must be approved by the Ministry of Labour); the national minimum wage, set at 440 bolivianos, has not increased since 2005 and continues to apply.

55. In connection with the Government’s policy of raising socio-economic indicators, reports were submitted to ILO in 2004 outlining the measures adopted to apply the provisions of ILO Convention No. 131 concerning minimum wage fixing, 1970 (annex 3 (h)).

56. Reports were submitted to ILO in 2004 with a view to providing information on improvements in benefits, living conditions and social protection of workers.

Other instruments relating to social welfare include:

34. The Committee recommends that the State party considers ratifying ILO Conventions Nos. 2 (unemployment) and 29 (forced labour).

57. Through Act No. 3031 of 29 April 2005, the Government ratified ILO Convention No. 29 on forced labour.

35. The Committee urges the State party to ensure that the minimum wage is sufficient to provide an adequate standard of living for the worker and his family.

STATISTICAL TABLES

Table 1
National minimum wage by year and wage increases, 2002-2004

Table 2
Average monthly income in main occupation, by year, sex and occupational group,
1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)

Occupational group	1999	2000	2001 (p)	2002	2003 (p)
Total	654.60	685.80	603.84	712.01	631.49
Public- and private-sector managers	2 891.23	4 616.22	4 723.35	4 670 24	3 207.57
Professionals	2 236.05	3 593.87	1 965.75	2 485.19	2 624.82
Technical and professional support	1 274.70	1 260.41	1 560.45	1 513.74	1 581.75
Office workers	1 189.28	1 264.56	1 324.05	1 211.21	1 285.00
Retail and service sector workers	748.34	675.91	555.27	794.94	562.93
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	110.01	124.41	148.83	183.96	202.12
Mining, construction and manufacturing	745.22	708.33	640.73	722.53	649.64
Equipment and machinery operators	1 264.01	1 188.47	1 165.88	1 284.40	1 222.38
Unskilled workers	567.53	549.43	317.86	578.98	509.50
Armed forces	2 010.61	2 235.62	2 337.19	3 203.43	2 604.90

Table 2 (continued)

Occupational group	1999	2000	2001 (p)	2002	2003 (p)
Men	824.67	847.83	764.04	888.85	781.31
Public- and private-sector managers	3 130.55	5 030.15	4 689.74	5 150.02	3 171.73
Professionals	2 692.27	4 116.75	2 405.07	3 002.96	3 111.71
Technical and professional support	1 309.63	1 492.47	1 690.49	1 609.31	1 630.42
Office workers	1 372.00	1 321.32	1 489.88	1 337.38	1 380.55
Retail and service sector workers	1 020.85	936.15	787.83	1 274.36	786.84
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	173.30	190.03	218.85	279.68	311.22
Mining, construction and manufacturing	891.64	813.40	752.32	830.89	747.12
Equipment and machinery operators	1 264.68	1 189.22	1.171.96	1 286.59	1 238.79
Unskilled workers	749.96	708.00	405.71	669.22	625.08
Armed forces	2 010.61	2 235.62	2 337.19	3 203.43	2 604.90
Women	446.82	480.63	409.64	482.55	444.13
Public- and private-sector managers	2 281.91	3 957.47	4 881.08	2 698.17	3 303.78
Professionals	1 694.77	2 723.22	1 510.18	1 959.51	2 241.26
Technical and professional support	1 200.54	922.49	1 252.14	1 313.19	1 470.71
Office workers	1 038.53	1 221.11	1 214.53	1 101.94	1 197.97
Retail and service sector workers	652.01	568.61	463.69	606.57	453.21
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	37.08	38.15	41.28	51.41	60.83
Mining, construction and manufacturing	290.20	307.48	283.03	437.19	390.74
Equipment and machinery operators	1 130.81	1 142.09	739.44	1 175.13	171.87
Unskilled workers	459.69	469.06	262.36	508.76	437.06
Armed forces

Occupational group	1999	2000	2001 (p)	2002	2003
Total	1 021.47	1 052.56	932.86	1 091.50	913.18
Public- and private-sector managers	3.042.07	5 557.07	5 218.58	5 150.14	3 336.95
Professionals	2 352.97	3 634.25	2 160.02	2 588.58	2 713.27
Technical and professional support	1 347.97	1 337.78	1 625.31	1 565.10	1 698.63
Office workers	1 203.25	1 287.05	1 332.55	1 232.74	1 294.37
Retail and service sector workers	751.69	706.38	561.01	840.01	598.63
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	382.30	488.54	451.77	519.81	365.61
Mining, construction and manufacturing	792.00	744.18	669.85	743.75	694.31
Equipment and machinery operators	1 244.01	1 191.54	1 187.35	1 281.21	1 229.87
Unskilled workers	579.23	555.02	526.54	586.03	514.12
Armed forces	2 010.61	2 238.40	2 337.19	3 205.24	2 850.67

Table 2.1 (continued)

Occupational group	1999	2000	2001 (p)	2002	2003
Men	1 250.54	1 277.41	1 172.22	1 351.44	1 086.06
Public- and private-sector managers	3 329.92	6 256.05	5 241.70	5 700.36	3 331.51
Professionals	2 889.52	4 181.37	2 675.88	3 183.13	3 274.70
Technical and professional support	1 364.17	1 601.88	1 743.65	1 671.80	1 806.80
Office workers	1 385.47	1 346.18	1 497.91	1 359.32	1 392.80
Retail and service sector workers	1 041.66	925.91	764.34	1 324.13	805.72
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	503.18	638.84	638.59	670.26	532.91
Mining, construction and manufacturing	936.17	835.54	769.82	850.00	758.66
Equipment and machinery operators	1 245.03	1 192.45	1 194.54	1 283.61	1 232.54
Unskilled workers	798.03	755.22	714.68	685.12	670.52
Armed forces	2 010.61	2 238.40	2 337.19	3 205.24	2 850.67
Women	729.52	768.26	652.67	773.00	699.11
Public- and private-sector managers	2 302.62	4 553.45	5 120.62	2 901.73	3 350.03
Professionals	1 741.36	2 738.52	1 629.66	2 009.79	2 287.99
Technical and professional support	1 312.00	953.87	1 330.96	1 347.46	1 494.56
Office workers	1 052.66	1 242.11	1 225.09	1 122.73	1 205.53
Retail and service sector workers	645.09	608.82	476.88	638.57	488.84
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	105.51	101.96	107.88	170.91	130.20
Mining, construction and manufacturing	306.13	342.04	309.93	469.83	473.92
Equipment and machinery operators	916.00	1 142.09	739.44	1 175.13	500.36
Unskilled workers	479.65	474.28	442.01	529.61	442.27
Armed forces	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Occupational group	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	198.06	189.66	193.28	240.91	269.88
Public- and private- sector managers	1 743.54	694.70	1 454.36	1 209.19	2 541.58
Professionals	864.88	1 509.95	1 016.52	1 305.17	1 522.78
Technical and professional support	847.23	796.96	614.68	1 066.78	1 034.19
Office workers	496.38	759.56	847.51	560.48	971.35
Retail and service sector workers	717.70	407.72	507.32	377.47	282.08
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	96.26	102.11	121.70	157.66	187.22
Mining, construction and manufacturing	524.49	486.42	483.73	576.98	466.70
Equipment and machinery operators	1 568.83	1 166.44	994.15	1 309.67	1 109.58
Unskilled workers	511.73	516.54	129.64	551.83	488.60
Armed forces	0.00	2 216.30	0.00	3 161.92	1 500.00

Table 2.2 (continued)

Occupational group	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Men	271.59	267.58	272.45	345.83	394.02
Public- and private-sector managers	1 580.11	828.71	1 503.37	1 218.04	2 485.25
Professionals	823.34	1 621.39	1 114.09	1 376.51	1 550.86
Technical and professional support	957.64	840.27	701.27	1 110.44	1 023.95
Office workers	670.78	811.52	1 201.48	633.14	1 028.96
Retail and service sector workers	753.09	1 116.96	1 077.89	491.99	516.54
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	151.31	154.60	178.38	242.29	290.23
Mining, construction and manufacturing	655.93	642.27	639.06	705.57	678.30
Equipment and machinery operators	1 573.93	1 166.44	994.15	1 309.67	1 354.77
Unskilled workers	639.92	580.23	216.59	638.61	533.21
Armed forces	0.00	2 216.30	0.00	3 161.92	1 500.00
Women	112.80	90.81	93.02	94.65	112.61
Public- and private-sector managers	2 132.63	355.36	848.96	1 171.22	2 850.17
Professionals	945.27	967.50	910.99	1 186.95	1 486.92
Technical and professional support	664.61	733.27	504.95	947.84	1 117.48
Office workers	364.23	712.95	282.74	503.88	900.00
Retail and service sector workers	709.32	279.22	366.54	353.49	226.97
Agriculture, livestock and fishery workers	34.86	35.67	36.00	44.83	54.83
Mining, construction and manufacturing	235.52	193.44	192.33	182.81	226.32
Equipment and machinery operators	1 425.80	0.00	0.00	0.00	77.79
Unskilled workers	271.66	410.80	56.51	322.07	382.60
Armed forces	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Table 3
Average monthly income in the main occupation,
by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)

Job category	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	654.60	685.80	603.84	712.01	631.49
Manual worker	762.95	774.10	739.63	701.93	818.84
White-collar worker	1 371.80	1 621.56	1 439.99	1 570.32	1 499.74
Self-employed	567.88	534.69	505.81	650.35	560.80
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	3 820.64	2 725.42	3 759.94	3 554.82	3 153.64
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	1 712.46	1 971.39	1 664.15	1 274.12	1 206.76
Production cooperative member	959.22	839.01	502.59	727.12	708.05
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	0.00	0.00	0.00	9.06⁽¹⁾	10.19⁽¹⁾
Domestic worker	515.10	589.29	587.01	663.72	439.52
Men	824.67	847.83	764.04	888.85	781.31
Manual worker	813.97	821.02	781.01	759.31	864.07
White-collar worker	1 525.69	1 839.37	1 582.80	1 755.39	1 532.48
Self-employed	607.94	545.28	557.10	701.35	656.11
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	3 530.66	2 853.48	4 189.41	3 697.80	2 941.09

Table 3 (continued)

Job category	1999	2000	2001	2002		2003 (p)
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	1 725.95	1 781.98	1 984.93	1 278.42		1 176.03
Production cooperative member	959.22	866.40	521.34	746.35		708.05
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	0.00	0.00	0.00	13.44⁽¹⁾		8.43⁽¹⁾
Domestic worker	661.47	843.23	692.61	878.22		529.59
Women	446.82	480.63	409.64		482.55		444.13
Manual worker	375.13	422.60	453.14		402.70		487.85
White-collar worker	1 105.99	1 261.28	1 212.05		1 240.76		1 447.48
Self-employed	514.10	517.89	431.52		574.37		446.69
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	4 791.19	2 009.24	2 163.44		2 651.30		4 434.46
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	1 661.10	2 499.55	953.39		1 257.91		1 378.65
Production cooperative member	0.00	270.11	104.42		213.94		0.00
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	0.00	0.00	0.00		6.40⁽¹⁾		11.26⁽¹⁾
Domestic worker	507.41	581.58	582.79		656.09		435.85

Table 3.1
Urban areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,
by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)

Job category	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	1 021.47	1 052.56	932.86	1 091.50	913.18
Manual worker	829.72	806.54	785.39	719.26	858.81
White-collar worker	1 420.86	1 694.34	1 491.15	1 615.14	1 536.59
Self-employed	818.12	743.62	724.09	860.71	742.66
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	3 944.45	2 889.69	3 931.69	3 817.38	3 192.28
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	1 936.97	2 199.21	2 071.96	2 014.60	1 770.48
Production cooperative member	1 699.11	941.50	560.17	756.79	650.38
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	0.00	0.00	0.00	13.02⁽¹⁾	17.89⁽¹⁾
Domestic worker	533.65	590.62	594.05	687.00	445.43
Men	1 250.54	1 277.41	1 172.22	1 351.44	1 086.06
Manual worker	880.00	852.23	826.66	767.97	894.54
White-collar worker	1 569.86	1 921.66	1 637.19	1 816.92	1 561.38
Self-employed	1 049.44	881.32	967.97	1 102.41	991.91
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	3 668.03	3 060.96	4 294.65	3 965.63	2 980.83
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	1 971.04	1 974.07	2 612.11	2 098.01	1 817.06
Production cooperative member	1 699.11	990.34	573.45	769.02	650.38
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	0.00	0.00	0.00	26.10⁽¹⁾	9.72⁽¹⁾
Domestic worker	608.41	780.28	708.33	987.37	534.01
Women	729.52	768.26	652.67	773.00	699.11
Manual worker	448.34	470.67	490.49	465.07	570.43

Table 3.1 (continued)

Table 3.2
Rural areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,
by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)

Job category	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	198.06	189.66	193.28	240.91	269.88
Manual worker	607.47	661.00	633.72	664.95	722.20
White-collar worker	823.64	871.02	944.38	1 054.49	1 177.48
Self-employed	275.47	269.95	263.41	370.12	337.83
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	2 047.27	491.66	381.11	827.49	1 400.00
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	1 013.98	619.03	570.14	534.34	647.49
Production cooperative member	533.65	623.80	482.63	675.60	774.50
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	0.00	0.00	0.00	8.19⁽¹⁾	7.42⁽¹⁾
Domestic worker	374.16	568.05	502.97	356.29	382.49
Men	271.59	267.58	272.45	345.83	394.02
Manual worker	660.33	713.28	673.94	740.82	787.46
White-collar worker	948.33	1 005.22	1 054.27	1 128.30	1 304.95
Self-employed	269.99	271.66	277.63	391.25	387.95
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	2 047.27	491.66	573.74	930.80	1 400.00
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	1 006.67	713.61	609.16	564.55	662.25
Production cooperative member	533.65	623.80	503.04	705.66	774.50
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	0.00	0.00	0.00	10.57⁽¹⁾	7.90⁽¹⁾
Domestic worker	1 100.00	1 142.48	296.93	257.84	520.00
Women	112.80	90.81	93.02	94.65	112.61
Manual worker	203.66	241.40	373.96	269.86	335.28
White-collar worker	672.57	639.51	770.22	868.47	912.51
Self-employed	288.51	264.35	222.29	292.04	234.05
Remunerated owner, partner or employer	0.00	0.00	216.50	150.00	0.00
Non-remunerated owner, partner or employer	1 049.08	287.51	419.27	370.72	423.92
Production cooperative member	0.00	0.00	80.00	173.20	10.00
Unremunerated apprentice or family worker	0.00	0.00	0.00	6.77⁽¹⁾	7.15⁽¹⁾
Domestic worker	338.87	513.53	506.96	364.05	361.60

Table 4
Average monthly income in the main occupation, by year, sex
and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)

Total	654.60	685.80	603.84	712.01	631.49
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting	127.77	149.54	203.01	229.31	208.12
Forestry and fishery	410.86	618.21	275.10	232.16	1 261.46
Mining/quarrying	1 296.17	3 044.92	1 263.76	1 413.33	1 817.15
Manufacturing industry	699.98	747.73	663.94	744.69	748.42
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	1 789.59	2 148.05	1 692.98	3 508.49	1 515.58
Construction	1 169.37	1 107.43	923.75	979.63	789.11
Sales and repairs	813.41	673.18	581.96	868.41	618.10
Hotels and restaurants	893.24	769.48	637.91	676.48	465.48
Transport, storage, communications	1 400.23	1 415.84	1 254.09	1 319.79	1 135.02
Financial brokerage	2 430.26	3 073.29	5 460.83	4 052.25	3 057.45
Real estate, business and rental services	2 199.46	2 050.49	1 595.11	1 960.62	1 747.78
Public administration, defence and social security	1 733.78	1 796.34	2 320.21	2 314.45	1 999.98
Education	1 067.83	1 062.13	1 141.25	1 558.38	1 697.66
Social and health services	1 316.42	1 500.33	1 197.74	1 499.08	1 669.01
Community and personal services	637.40	691.76	777.89	1 004.79	757.52
Private homes	455.40	523.05	537.38	644.14	423.15
Extraterritorial bodies	758.33	3 434.39	1 053.23	1 238.02	6 028.46
Men	824.67	847.83	764.04	888.85	781.31
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting	203.54	220.57	283.06	345.94	310.89
Forestry and fishery	461.08	652.31	382.95	352.22	1 446.82
Mining/quarrying	1 523.59	2 991.64	1 302.18	1 221.16	1 817.69
Manufacturing industry	933.14	935.14	894.00	907.41	979.48
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	1 751.18	2 278.46	1 757.42	3 650.93	1 422.22
Construction	1 174.06	993.69	895.20	993.41	818.10
Sales and repairs	1 081.45	904.83	788.33	1 250.01	815.56
Hotels and restaurants	1 420.59	1 197.05	968.01	775.12	465.45
Transport, storage, communications	1 315.79	1 353.77	1 204.43	1 310.57	1 129.48
Financial brokerage	2 883.21	3 208.70	5 030.17	5 834.87	2 940.22
Real estate, business and rental services	2 417.57	2 297.21	1 723.77	2 101.84	2 000.78
Public administration, defence and social security	1 639.23	1 639.66	2 421.40	2 525.60	1 723.18
Education	1 173.03	1 303.23	1 498.50	1 882.80	1 858.83
Social and health services	1 775.22	1 552.12	1 298.20	1 831.70	1 619.64
Community and personal services	838.74	918.63	964.45	1 553.38	955.55
Private homes	661.47	490.19	552.09	653.79	396.57
Extraterritorial bodies	758.33	1 100.00	1 053.23	1 260.97	6 933.33
Women	446.82	480.63	409.64	482.55	444.13
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting	37.28	54.06	99.14	56.65	74.11
Forestry and fishery	70.56	435.20	40.38	28.66	382.13
Mining/quarrying	169.02	3 448.75	789.84	3 135.20	1 810.58
Manufacturing industry	375.72	448.34	334.10	483.21	451.74
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	2 166.67	1 118.76	1 514.58	2 737.95	2 369.30
Construction	798.49	4 284.96	1 769.50	721.54	362.17

Table 4 (continued)

Economic activity	1999		2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Sales and repairs	655.50		534.31	453.50	633.63	480.57
Hotels and restaurants	709.35		645.74	523.95	647.05	465.49
Transport, storage, communications	2 905.68		2 029.35	1 644.08	1 440.45	1 205.90
Financial brokerage	1 945.78		2 788.62	6 891.39	1 520.15	3 352.41
Real estate, business and rental services	1 852.42		1 315.75	1 327.58	1 691.75	1 213.47
Public administration, defence and social security	2 030.36	2 300.72		1 931.84	1 612.00	2 946.94
Education	951.51	867.07		879.38	1 274.86	1 549.21
Social and health services	1 110.59	1 462.38		1 106.18	1 315.11	1 709.31
Community and personal services	390.44	487.84		623.10	517.90	640.33
Private homes	447.42	525.21		536.72	642.91	424.97
Extraterritorial bodies	0.00	4 656.16		0.00	1 213.58	2 400.00

Table 4.1
Urban areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,
by year, sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)

Economic activity	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	1 021.47	1 052.56	932.86	1 091.50	913.18
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting	441.39	576.92	706.57	766.13	437.14
Forestry and fishery	931.72	1 089.73	0.00	545.96	1 830.52
Mining/quarrying	2 669.98	4 163.94	1 795.19	1 708.18	1 228.25
Manufacturing industry	736.69	802.60	709.96	778.02	849.08
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	2 086.08	2 259.55	1 710.95	3 636.44	1 918.17
Construction	1 281.25	1 158.73	958.24	1 024.42	821.41
Sales and repairs	817.02	694.28	593.97	915.50	651.74
Hotels and restaurants	933.43	803.20	651.90	710.48	519.93
Transport, storage, communications	1 396.08	1 443.49	1 276.89	1 324.70	1 163.36
Financial brokerage	2 430.26	3 073.29	5 460.83	4 128.93	3 057.45
Real estate, business and rental services	2 207.00	2 088.66	1 623.62	1 988.20	1 746.33
Public administration, defence and social security	1 781.51	1 870.39	2 396.06	2 488.43	2 060.50
Education	1 118.63	1 129.64	1 219.46	1 600.68	1 825.36
Social and health services	1 325.03	1 540.31	1 184.64	1 582.52	2 006.97
Community and personal services	643.46	719.16	810.99	1 033.28	774.53
Private homes	465.16	534.50	553.07	661.64	431.16
Extraterritorial bodies	758.33	3 434.39	1 053.23	1 328.01	6 028.46
Men	1 250.54	1 277.41	1 172.22	1 351.44	1 086.06
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting	578.46	712.97	888.25	964.87	613.21
Forestry and fishery	931.72	1 397.03	0.00	545.96	1 742.13
Mining/quarrying	2 782.77	4 205.89	1 841.92	1 372.64	1 155.90
Manufacturing industry	955.64	967.00	919.10	937.19	985.79
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	2 073.34	2 340.38	1 783.98	3 759.70	1 840.47
Construction	1 285.80	1 033.96	924.38	1 036.50	852.27
Sales and repairs	1 093.34	891.98	777.59	1 302.74	879.48
Hotels and restaurants	1 497.57	1 212.99	1 011.83	801.64	569.67

Table 4.1 (continued)

Economic activity	1999	2000	2001	2002		2003 (p)
Transport, storage, communications	1 303.16	1 368.24	1 223.10	1 312.71		1 159.81
Financial brokerage	2 883.21	3 208.70	5 030.17	6 056.45		2 940.22
Real estate, business and rental services	2 417.71	2 357.08	1 748.84	2 148.74		1 998.86
Public administration, defence and social security	1 678.17	1 693.67	2 506.10	2 713.35		1 780.27
Education	1 262.79	1 443.06	1 721.27	1 977.64		2 173.56
Social and health services	1 781.48	1 543.91	1 303.40	1 954.15		2 146.07
Community and personal services	849.74	942.61	984.26	1 618.37		955.55
Private homes	608.41	503.65	575.36	667.40		463.29
Extraterritorial bodies	758.33	1 100.00	1 053.23	1 451.77		6 933.33
Women	729.52	768.26	652.67		773.00		699.11
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting	86.11	257.52	480.36		205.12		163.25
Forestry and fishery	0.00	617.30	0.00		0.00		2 185.24
Mining/quarrying	673.79	3 924.54	1 016.85		5 112.94		1 810.58
Manufacturing industry	398.42	514.91	374.73		520.79		592.97
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	2 166.67	1 395.98	1 514.58		2 941.74		2 369.30
Construction	798.29	4 284.96	1 889.01		787.19		330.27
Sales and repairs	647.86	567.51	471.93		667.12		504.91
Hotels and restaurants	721.48	673.18	525.16		682.13		500.17
Transport, storage, communications	3 092.06	2 176.25	1 670.48		1 474.68		1 205.90
Financial brokerage	1 945.78	2 788.62	6 891.39		1 520.15		3 352.41
Real estate, business and rental services	1 877.72	1 315.75	1 364.10		1 691.75		1 213.47
Public administration, defence and social security	2 111.48	2 406.30	1 986.79		1 729.47		2 954.29
Education	967.90	898.91	900.53		1 290.30		1 581.43
Social and health services	1 112.39	1 537.57	1 075.34		1 395.19		1 937.71
Community and personal services	396.30	514.48	661.97		520.36		657.62
Private homes	459.68	535.80	552.04		660.93		430.08
Extraterritorial bodies	0.00	4 656.16	0.00		1 213.58		2 400.00

Table 4.2
Rural areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,
by year, sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)

Economic activity	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	198.06	189.66	193.28	240.91	269.88
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting	110.54	116.95	118.96	180.32	185.51
Forestry and fishery	302.95	445.26	275.10	213.37	1 160.62
Mining/quarrying	631.35	730.44	742.38	868.18	3 095.97
Manufacturing industry	391.57	374.67	394.68	448.59	296.34
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	1 167.59	874.34	856.18	595.54	694.84
Construction	620.07	643.56	706.58	739.31	604.38
Sales and repairs	772.17	441.63	455.65	403.71	316.09
Hotels and restaurants	550.56	500.14	542.15	345.54	243.82
Transport, storage, communications	1 489.38	1 123.59	993.06	1 259.84	699.01
Financial brokerage	0.00	0.00	0.00	1 359.00	0.00
Real estate, business and rental services	1 905.41	547.26	820.78	589.76	4 200.00
Public administration, defence and social security	638.43	1 101.13	1 262.77	820.61	1 006.15
Education	860.44	774.38	847.04	1 265.77	1 230.57
Social and health services	1 165 70	1 013.78	1.329.48	775.01	827.80
Community and personal services	548 78	330.08	434.04	650.08	451.25
Private homes	364 75	402.58	388.33	375.66	357.30
Extraterritorial bodies	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Men	271.59	267.58	272.45	345.83	394.02
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting	175.73	173.84	184.16	274.50	278.55
Forestry and fishery	345.65	474.33	382.95	333.11	1 396.37
Mining/quarrying	781.06	744.04	751.42	931.38	3 095.97
Manufacturing industry	622.00	641.81	685.09	637.09	863.12
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	1 167.59	1 164.58	856.18	740.90	694.84
Construction	614.94	643.56	714.77	758.72	616.23
Sales and repairs	889.30	1 179.63	993.91	533.13	425.74
Hotels and restaurants	88.36	868.66	629.59	386.73	62.83
Transport, storage, communications	1 594.98	1 203.19	1 010.67	1 285.55	699.01
Financial brokerage	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.359.00	0.00
Real estate, business and rental services	2 413.33	547.26	1 063.17	589.76	4 200.00
Public administration, defence and social security	643.58	1 199.45	1 346.66	861.44	994.35
Education	851.27	840.54	908.92	1 361.93	1 206.00
Social and health services	1 567.37	1 690.99	1 242.97	1 170.06	1 031.65
Community and personal services	700.83	550.38	700.76	809.9	0.00
Private homes	1 100.00	470.14	232.81	513.39	341.58
Extraterritorial bodies	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Women	112.80	134.34	93.02	94.65	112.61
Farming, animal husbandry and hunting	35.67	62.54	33.76	48.13	66.25
Forestry and fishery	70.56	299.10	40.38	28.66	6.34
Mining/quarrying	110.50	510.26	654.21	405.46	0.00
Manufacturing industry	257.00	175.31	173.06	160.58	189.29
Electricity/gas/water production and distribution	0.00	458.59	0.00	216.67	0.00

Table 4.2 (continued)

Economic activity	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Construction	798.80	0.00	240.12	448.82	483.18
Sales and repairs	729.30	530.46	304.37	352.48	166.58
Hotels and restaurants	622.42	1 044.03	515.94	337.83	321.25
Transport, storage, communications	242.80	190.88	414.64	519.59	0.00
Financial brokerage	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Real estate, business and rental services	100.00	0.00	267.43	0.00	0.00
Public administration, defence and social security	627.28	436.77	720.84	699.88	1 561.87
Education	873.21	624.17	770.69	1 139.00	1 295.82
Social and health services	1 084.78	654.31	1 401.09	314.65	245.36
Community and personal services	283.48	178.73	283.46	484.76	451.25
Private homes	333.01	374.59	393.24	348.71	364.85
Extraterritorial bodies	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00

Table 5
Average monthly income in the main occupation, by
year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Labour market sector	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	654.60	685.80	603.84	712.01	631.49
Domestic	515.10	589.29	587.01	663.72	439.52
State	1 331.07	1 398.71	1 611.34	1 636.90	1 582.41
Family business	346.26	337.13	278.55	377.03	331.28
Semi-business	918.83	820.16	802.06	897.95	772.80
Business	1 550.60	1 803.06	1 403.65	1 621.97	1 422.33
Men	824.67	847.83	764.04	888.85	781.31
Domestic	661.47	843.23	692.61	878.22	529.59
State	1 423.41	1 521.12	1 851.98	1 831.19	1 643.78
Family business	438.81	412.55	366.85	481.58	441.39
Semi-business	926.74	850.20	833.21	932.10	815.10
Business	142.13	1 942.23	1 462.94	1 736.05	1 359.13
Women	446.82	480.63	409.64	482.55	444.13
Domestic	507.41	581.58	582.79	656.09	435.85
State	1 211.09	1 222.68	1 287.63	1 399.27	1 500.56
Family business	259.41	258.29	192.10	270.57	231.53
Semi-business	896.80	712.00	712.74	801.49	621.82
Business	1 248.10	1 458.23	1 230.11	1 230.22	1 672.62

Table 5.1
Urban areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,
by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Labour market sector	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	1 021.47	1 052.56	932.86	1 091.50	913.18
Domestic	533.65	590.62	594.05	687.00	445.43
State	1 416.85	1 512.84	1 730.97	1 759.31	1 707.78
Family business	667.78	624.13	519.76	700.46	557.41
Semi-business	1 006.05	868.24	863.08	989.74	848.06
Business	1 644.18	1 879.81	1 522.49	1 769.26	1 523.11
Men	1 250.54	1 277.41	1 172.22	1 351.44	1 086.06
Domestic	608.41	780.28	708.33	987.37	534.01
State	1 529.69	1 648.44	2 016.61	2 003.47	1 780.21
Family business	888.68	771.25	715.46	923.87	749.23
Semi-business	997.99	889.77	904.28	1 032.27	899.57
Business	1 765.12	2 050.18	1 594.43	1 911.39	1 450.40
Women	729.52	768.26	652.67	773.00	699.11
Domestic	529.69	585.58	589.28	677.25	442.72
State	1 270.53	1 321.49	1 355.73	1 478.58	1 621.70
Family business	491.03	492.44	364.74	521.98	410.16
Semi-business	1 027.88	792.95	758.82	890.05	687.91
Business	1 282.85	1 486.57	1 325.54	1 313.78	1 778.45

Table 5.2
Rural areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,
by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Labour market sector	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003 (p)
Total	198.06	189.66	193.28	240.91	269.88
Domestic	374.16	568.05	502.97	356.29	382.49
State	882.81	835.96	941.63	972.31	1 086.91
Family business	129.65	129.42	115.26	157.65	159.67
Semi-business	561.06	603.44	584.52	634.01	558.44
Business	856.74	872.30	747.50	750.30	981.47
Men	271.59	267.58	272.45	345.83	394.02
Domestic	1 100.00	1 142.48	296.93	257.84	520.00
State	870.82	921.20	988.66	1 041.53	1 215.49
Family business	175.09	185.12	170.18	237.35	241.06
Semi-business	644.88	677.95	614.22	693.58	601.18
Business	886.92	917.33	811.73	802.59	1 008.44
Women	112.80	90.81	93.02	94.65	112.61
Domestic	338.87	513.53	506.96	364.05	361.60
State	898.53	701.25	869.25	852.65	809.01
Family business	82.19	64.25	53.23	61.97	76.14
Semi-business	299.01	295.43	440.21	305.48	314.19
Business	570.34	503.58	461.60	460.34	771.60

36. The Committee asks the State party to ensure that the excessive time period for collective negotiation does not constitute an obstacle to the right to strike.

The right of everyone to form trade unions and join the trade union of his choice

59. This right is recognized in Bolivia’s Constitution, and is governed by the General Labour Act and the corresponding regulatory statute.

60. Following a restructuring process from the previous year, the Ministry of Labour retains the Trade Union Affairs Department, which is responsible for ensuring the implementation of the above-mentioned rules and fostering the development and strengthening of the role of trade unions in workers’ representation, protection, education and culture.

The right of trade unions to establish national federations or confederations and the right of the latter to form or join international trade-union organizations, and the right of trade unions to function freely subject to no limitations other than those prescribed by law

61. Article 102 of the General Labour Act implicitly recognizes the right of trade unions to establish federations or confederations by mentioning that relations between public authorities and workers shall be channelled through departmental trade union federations or within national confederations.

62. There is no provision under national legislation restricting the establishment of workers’ organizations, whether national or international, as long as their aims are lawful.

63. Negotiations on political, labour policy, economic, social and cultural issues at the macro level are conducted with top representatives of trade unions and/or confederations, as they represent the views of the vast majority of workers.

The right to strike, exercised in conformity with the laws of the country

64. This right is recognized under the Constitution and governed by the General Labour Act and the corresponding regulatory statute. Nevertheless, the rate of legally recognized strikes is low, owing mainly to the various steps involved in organizing a strike.

STATISTICAL TABLES

Table 1
Illegal strikes and conciliation exercises handled by the Department of Labour,
by sector, 2004: Conflicts dealt with by the Department of Labour

Imposition of lawful restrictions on the exercise of these rights by members of the armed forces or of the police or of the administration of the State

65. Article 1 of the General Labour Act and article 1 of its regulatory statute exclude the following from their scope:

66. Article 104 of this Act, together with articles 120 and 148 of its regulatory statute and articles 7 to 9 of the 1999 Civil Service Regulations, prohibits civil servants from establishing trade unions regardless of their grade or employment status.

67. Bolivia has not yet corrected this situation for the above-cited category of workers.

37. The Committee urges the State party to combat violence against women by initiating a campaign with a view to combating negative traditional practices and prejudices and their effects and consequences. In this regard, the Committee also calls on the State party to ensure adequate financial and human resources for the implementation of the National Plan for the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women. The Committee requests the State party to provide, in its second periodic report, detailed information and up-to-date statistics on the phenomenon of violence against women in Bolivia, as well as results of the measures taken to combat this serious problem.

68. The Family and Domestic Violence Act (Act No. 1674) provides legal protection to ensure the physical, psychological, moral and sexual integrity of each family member.

69. The State, through its specialized institutions and in coordination with civil society and private institutions dealing with the issue, is drawing up a national strategy for eradicating domestic violence. This strategy aims to:

The equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights

70. Under the Constitution, all human beings have legal personality and capacity, in accordance with the law. They enjoy the rights, freedoms and guarantees recognized by the Constitution, and discrimination on grounds of sex is prohibited.

71. The Constitution also states that equal rights and duties of both spouses are the foundation of matrimony.

72. Notwithstanding these constitutional provisions, the General Labour Act of 21 December 1948 considers women as being in the same situation as minors, and this is an obstacle to equality of opportunity.

73. Likewise, Supreme Decree No. 24864 of 10 October 1997 is designed to guarantee equality of rights between men and women in the political, economic, social and cultural spheres, as well as gender mainstreaming in public policies, in order to achieve genuine equality.

74. Also, under Act No. 2446 of 27 March 2003, the Executive Organization Act, an Office of the Deputy Minister for Women’s Affairs was instituted within the Ministry of Sustainable Development with the aim of drafting public policies to promote equal opportunities for women, through the following:

− Drafting policies, regulations and instructions for the incorporation of the gender approach, on the basis of equity and equality of opportunities;

− Drafting policies, regulations and instructions for strengthening mechanisms to prevent and penalize domestic violence, and to provide care, recovery and protection to its victims;

− Coordinating with the National Personnel Administration Service (SNAP) in creating opportunities to promote the equitable inclusion of women in the sphere of public service;

− Strengthening the mechanisms for women’s representation in and access to policymaking;

− Monitoring compliance with legislation and international agreements in gender matters.

75. With regard to the right to education and the right to health, both legislation and public policy tend to embrace both men and women. There are also measures geared exclusively towards women, such as the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme (SUMI), which will be discussed below in the section on the right to health.

38. The Committee also urges the State party to ratify ILO Convention No. 182 (worst forms of child labour), and to take effective measures to eradicate the phenomenon of “criaditos”.

39. The Committee recommends that Bolivia explicitly take the Covenant into account when implementing the policies, programmes and projects deriving from its Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper, which forms part of the enhanced Highly Indebted Poor Countries Initiative. In this regard, the State party is referred to the statement on poverty adopted by the Committee on 4 May 2001.

A. Right to an adequate standard of living

Background

77. According to official statistics from the Water and Sanitation Information System, coverage in terms of water and sanitation at the national level is as follows:

Progress

78. Unfortunately, owing to the lack of economic resources, there are no current data, which makes it difficult to show any progress made in the matter.

B. Protection from hunger

Background

79. In the framework of the National Programme for Food and Nutrition, strategic steps are being taken as part of the national health policy aimed at improving the nutritional status of Bolivians, especially vulnerable groups such as pregnant or newly delivered women and children under five years of age. These are: food fortification (iodine and fluoride added to salt, iron, Bcomplex vitamins and folic acid to wheat flour, and vitamin A to oil); supplementation with micronutrients, including vitamin A capsules and ferrous sulphate, under the Universal Maternal and Infant Insurance scheme; and the promotion of breastfeeding and timely and adequate food supplements. A Supreme Decree covers food fortification, and another on salt iodization and fortification of flour with iron, B-complex vitamins and folic acid, while a draft bill on the marketing of breast milk substitutes is currently before Parliament, together with a series of technical regulations.

80. A number of regulations on nutritional care for pregnant and breastfeeding women and small children, vitamin A supplements and iron supplements are currently in print.

81. We believe that information, education and communication for different target groups are of vital importance. The Food and Nutrition Programme, with the technical and financial support of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), has therefore developed two communication strategies: the social marketing and communication strategy for iodized salt and the vitamin A supplement communication strategy. A creative communication strategy for micronutrients, with emphasis on food fortification with iron and vitamin A, is currently being developed.

82. On the other hand, it should be noted that the health sector is unable to improve the nutritional status of under-fives and pregnant women single-handedly. Rather, a multisectoral approach involving all relevant actors, including the ministries of agriculture, education, economic development, popular participation, basic sanitation and health is required; efforts to this end are under way.

Progress

83. During the fiscal year 2004/05 a case study was carried out on food security in Bolivia, analysing the situation from the perspective of the human right to adequate food and nutrition.

84. The aim was to analyse the way in which issues related to food and nutrition are integrated into development and poverty eradication plans, with a view to ensuring compliance with the Millennium Development Goals and the realization of the human right to adequate food.

85. The study was mainly based on secondary information. The analysis of food, nutrition and food security programmes/projects was conducted on the basis of information provided by 14 bodies that responded to the invitation. The study was carried out between September 2004 and February 2005. It involved consultation with governmental and non-governmental actors working in the area of food and nutrition, as well as two consultative workshops carried out in October 2004 and February 2005 to strengthen dialogue on the matter between actors in different sectors.

The situation with regard to nutrition and food security in Bolivia

86. The main problems relating to nutrition in Bolivia are: malnutrition, nutritional anaemia, vitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency disorders and chronic diseases (obesity, diabetes and arterial hypertension). Of all those problems, malnutrition is the most worrying effect, consequence or manifestation, because it has far-reaching social and economic implications for the country.

87. At the national level, in the 2003 fiscal year, 26.5 per cent of children under 5 years of age suffered from moderate or severe chronic malnutrition; similar levels were recorded in 1998^[4]. According to the National Health Information System, the average prevalence of mild, moderate and severe malnutrition in children under 5 at the national level stood at 29.44 per cent (annual median rate) in 2003.

88. In 2003, Bolivia’s 314 municipalities, 131 recorded a high prevalence of mild, moderate or severe overall malnutrition; medium prevalence was recorded in 156 municipalities, and only 24 municipalities recorded low levels of malnutrition.

89. In 2005 of the 131 municipalities with high levels of malnutrition, vulnerability to food insecurity is high or very high (80 per cent); they are mainly located in the departments of Cochabamba, Potosí, Chuquisaca and La Paz.

90. Out of all the municipalities, 128 (41 per cent) have very poor agricultural potential or the development of agricultural activity is seriously limited; in 94 (30 per cent), severe limitations apply.

91. Agricultural production has increased by 15.4 per cent in the past decade, at an annual rate of 1.6 per cent - less than the population growth rate, which stood at 2.74 per cent in 2001. This gap indicates the shortfall in the availability or domestic supply of food.

92. In the past 40 years, the trend in food availability, as expressed in calories and proteins, has been on the rise. However, visible consumption in Bolivia is lower than in other Andean countries. As a result of the changes in the foods on offer and lifestyles, nutrition patterns have changed.

93. The incidence of extreme poverty in recent years has been falling, but in rural areas it is more than twice as high as in urban areas, which reveals the persistent critical food insecurity that affects more than half the rural population.

Progress
National development plans and policies that cover food and nutritional security

94. In accordance with the General Economic and Social Development Plan, responsibility for implementing food and nutrition programmes and projects is in the hands of the Ministry of Health and Sports, which has a food and nutrition programme that is part of the national health plan, and the Ministry of Peasant Affairs and Agriculture, which is in charge of the multisectoral National Agricultural and Rural Development Strategy. However, the issue of food security and nutrition was not considered important enough to be incorporated as a fundamental strategy of the General Economic and Social Development Plan and within the sectors.

95. The still incipient efforts to generate comprehensive and cooperative action may influence the development of relevant plans and policies.

Trends in support of compliance with the Millennium Development Goals^[5]

96. The progress made towards meeting the Millennium Development Goals in Bolivia has been evaluated in the framework of the poverty eradication strategy. The most recent report^[6] shows that it will not be possible to comply with all the objectives and aims proposed for 2015. However, some of the goals related to human development may well be attained, such as reducing infant and maternal mortality rates and increasing education coverage, which would help reduce the incidence of undernourishment and malnutrition and improve living conditions for the poorest segments of the Bolivian population.

Progress in incorporating an approach based on the human right to adequate food in food security

97. The survey of the situation in Bolivia, viewed from a multidimensional perspective, shows that existing programmes and projects relating to food and nutrition security do not take account of the approach based on the human right to adequate food. It is important to promote its progressive inclusion in sectoral strategies and policies and into a national strategy based on human rights principles, such as responsibility, transparency, popular participation, decentralization, the power to legislate and independence of the judiciary.

98. There is also a need for a framework law as a major instrument for the implementation of the food and nutrition security strategy with a focus on the human right to adequate food as well as a national and international monitoring system, making it possible to ascertain achievements with effective response mechanisms which are accessible to victims of violations of the human right to adequate food.

General assessment of food and nutrition programmes

Availability, allocation and efficiency of resources

99. The most realistic study in this category, which was carried out by the World Bank^[7], estimates that in the period 1999-2000 Bolivia allocated approximately US$ 1.15 billion for programmes directly or indirectly related to nutrition. Of these resources, only 9 per cent of government funds and 7 per cent of NGO funds were used for “efficient” nutrition programmes targeting high-priority groups.

100. Another study carried out by the World Bank^[8] shows that there is no common approach or coordinated effort in aspects related to the institutional structure and internal links between programmes and projects. There is also disregard for synergies between causes and effects of malnutrition; stand-alone, ineffective policies resulting from a lack of leadership and coordination and decision-making capacity; and a lack of funds and interest in problems relating to food and nutrition security.

101. In terms of coordination among public institutions, some progress was made with the establishment of the National Food and Nutrition Council as the mechanism responsible for coordinating the work of government institutions, civil society and international cooperation. However, to date no proper institutional structure has been put into place.

Strengths and weaknesses of existing efforts to implement the human right to adequate food

102. One of the principal strengths is an institutional framework that coordinates the actions of the Ombudsman and civil society in different regions of the country. At the same time, legislation exists that seeks to foster a holistic approach on the part of the State, and international cooperation appears to be willing to support processes involving the integrated and progressive implementation of the human right to adequate food. The Bolivian people have mechanisms at their disposal to exert pressure and thus place issues relevant to them on the Government’s agenda, which might help facilitate the realization of the human right to adequate food.

103. Among the main weaknesses are the lack of institutional leadership for coordinating multisectoral action and the lack of public funds to support the formulation and implementation of policies related to food and nutrition security. The approach involving the human right to adequate food is still being developed, and legislation therefore does not yet take account of this approach.

Contribution of food and nutrition programmes to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals and the human right to adequate food

104. The analysis of 14 programmes/projects shows the wide range of food- and nutritionrelated measures pertinent to the attainment of the Millennium Development Goals as a whole. They seek to reduce hunger and contribute implicitly to attainment of the Millennium Development Goals, since many of them are related to five or six Development Goals, highlighting the central role of food and nutrition.

105. With regard to the hierarchy of causes of malnutrition, the programmes/projects of the Ministry of Health and NGOs address immediate causes. The Ministry of Peasant Affairs and Agriculture, the food security support programme and the NGO network Asociación de Instituciones de Promoción y Educación, which is also involved in public policies related to food and nutrition security, seek to address the root causes. All the programmes/projects address the underlying causes.

106. From a human rights perspective, all the programmes/projects aim at meeting the obligation to facilitate the enjoyment of the human right to adequate food, often in combination with the obligation to provide and, in some cases, meeting the obligation to protect the human right to adequate food.

School programme 2005

107. The school programme of the Ministry of Health and Sports commenced activities during the 2005 fiscal year; its main limitation is funding. The programme includes the following objectives, some of which have produced first results:

− To reduce the incidence of helminthiasis among schoolchildren in the Camiri and Coroico districts. Drugs to treat the parasite are available, but so far have not been administered owing to a lack of funds.

− To prepare a summary report on studies on parasites in Bolivia. Result: information is available to identify risk areas.

− To prepare information on integrated health care at school. Result: activities have commenced in coordination with the Ministry of Education.

− To design a health card for schoolchildren. Result: design and implementation are under way (it is important to point out that 38 primary health interventions were included).

− To participate in inter-agency working groups together with the Ministry of Education. As a result, norms and regulations are currently being formulated.

108. The school lunch programme extends to 320 municipalities in the country, covering 13,960 school centres (44.08 per cent), which means that 55.92 school centres are not part of the school lunch programme. Information was provided by the Office of the Deputy Minister for Popular Participation (annex 1).

C. Right to physical and mental health

Sports and physical activity

109. Within the framework of legal provisions in force, the office of the Deputy Minister of Sports is mandated to develop public policies that encourage all Bolivians to engage in physical activities and sports to enhance their social and human development, thus ensuring the enjoyment of the right to physical activity and sports. In the medium term, this will help incorporate physical activity and sports fully into the culture and nature of Bolivian men and women, building healthy, competent, competitive and productive generations with a high level of self-esteem and pride in their national identity.

110. In order to implement these measures, the national sports policy is based on fundamental pillars that guarantee the inclusion of all members of society. These pillars are popularization of the practice of physical activities and sports through community involvement in sports and the programme “Get Moving Bolivia” (Muévete Bolivia), and promotion of competitive sports and the strengthening of sports institutions and physical activity, with the involvement of the public and private sectors and national and international governmental and non-governmental bodies.

111. A gap in the law was remedied with the adoption of the Sports Act on 7 July 2004, promulgation of which had been delayed for more than 20 years for a variety of reasons.

− The Sports Act, Act No. 2770, and its regulatory statute, No. 27779, article 1 of which stipulates that: “The purpose of this Act is to regulate the practice of sport; facilitate its popularization; promote physical education; promote extracurricular sports for children and young people at all levels and across social classes; guarantee the right to all-round training; foster the practice of recreational sport among the Bolivian population; and develop competitive sport through continuing training for all participants”.

− Formulation and publication of basic guidelines for the development of sports infrastructure projects, a guide to supervision and monitoring of facilities and a guide to specifying dimensions for sports facilities, which were distributed to the 324 Bolivian municipalities and the organizations in the national sports system (2000-2004).

Progress
Training programme

113. Promotes the development of physical culture in the country, encouraging the population to exercise their right to practise physical activities and sports for the benefit of their physical and mental health, which brings with it the need for human resources trained to disseminate, raise awareness and educate. The following training activities have been conducted for physical education teachers, trainers, monitors and professionals specializing in motor skills:

− 190 courses in training, judging, refereeing, psychology, nutrition, etc. in various sports disciplines.

− Two diploma courses in motor skills taught in coordination with the office of the Deputy Minister of Sports and San Andrés University; 300 persons obtained certificates.

− Introduction of a course in physical education at the Adventist University of Bolivia in Cochabamba.

− Physical education workshops for teachers working in this field; 1,500 teachers participated from throughout the country.

− Design of a masters’ course in physical education at the Salesian University of Bolivia.

− Seven training courses for promoters of physical education for health in La Paz, Tarija, Sucre, Trinidad and Cochabamba. Approximately 1,500 promoters participated.

114. The programme “Get moving for your health, Bolivia” (Por tu salud, muévete Bolivia), which includes various Ministry of Health programmes and is intended to address the need to provide alternatives to combat the high prevalence of non-communicable diseases caused by a sedentary lifestyle.

115. The aim of the programme is to promote physical activity as a factor in the health and well-being of the population.

116. The development of the “Get Moving Bolivia” programme included a series of awarenessraising activities in public and private institutions, the involvement of international cooperation and the restructuring of the office of the Deputy Minister of Sports. Among the main activities are:

− Coordination and participation in “Challenge Day”, a world event for the promotion of physical activity held every year on the last Wednesday in May. Bolivia has been participating since 1998, and each year a greater number of municipalities are involved. When the activity was launched, only staff from the office of the Deputy Minister of Sports participated; in the present year, 98 municipalities have participated nationwide, involving 1,450,000 inhabitants, with the aim of combating sedentary lifestyles.

− Organization and participation in events involving physical activity on commemorative days such as non-smokers’ day, older persons’ day, disability day and others.

− Support for organizations that promote physical activity and sport for all, such as the Special Olympics, diabetics, older persons and the disabled.

− Participation by Bolivia in the Physical Activity Network of the Americas, through the planning and implementation of activities in Bolivia. The Network is supported and promoted by the Pan American Health Organization, the World Health Organization, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Centre for Disease Control in Atlanta and the International Federation of Sports Medicine.

117. Programme for the popularization of physical activity and sports. With the purpose of developing the habit of physical activity in support of all-round training from childhood onwards, the following activities were carried out:

− 50 sports schools for beginners established in medium-sized municipalities in Bolivia. The office of the Deputy Minister of Sports took on the task of providing sports material and training the teachers selected (2000).

− 250 summer sports schools throughout the country, organized in coordination with the Ministry of Education, for which 450 physical education teachers were recruited. The office of the Deputy Minister of Sports handed over a set of sports material to each teacher; 35,000 deprived children participated (2002).

− Open schools - programme similar to the previous one. These cover 70,000 children and young people throughout the country; 300 schools were set up and 550 physical education teachers were recruited. These schools operate using the existing infrastructure of the schools in each participating municipality (2003).

− National inter-college games, an annual sports event for schoolchildren, in which children from different municipalities participate, starting with competitions at class level, then between schools and between municipalities, concluding with national finals. Approximately 80,000 Bolivian children and young people participate in the games.

− Support for training events in the different sports disciplines in the junior and youth categories. These events are held annually by approximately 25 sports federations.

− Holding of the tenth South American School Games in Sucre in 2004, an event in which 600 athletes from six South American countries participated.

118. The programme to strengthen sports institutions and promote the development of competitive sports has achieved the following:

− Economic, technical and logistical support to 35 national sports federations for the holding of competitive events, training and participation in international events, among others;

− Participation in sports events that are part of the Olympic cycle such as the Bolivarian Games, those of the South American Sports Organization, the Pan-American Games, closing with the Olympic Games;

− Recruitment of international trainers for high-priority sports disciplines at the national level through an agreement with Cuba;

− 72 students given grants for university studies in physical education and sports in Cuba.

Mental health
Background

119. Since the 1970s, Bolivia has been implementing mental health programmes that include primary and secondary prevention activities and the promotion of healthy habits and lifestyles through the Ministry of Health. In 1992 specialized drug control bodies (the National Council for the Prevention of Drug Addiction were established within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In the same year, drug control was brought within the competence of the Ministry of Health, and the mental health programme was established.

120. In 2003, the Bolivian strategy to combat trafficking in illegal drugs (2004-2008) was approved, comprising five components: eradication, prohibition, alternative development, prevention, rehabilitation and social reintegration, and social communication. It provides guidance in respect of the issue of drug control as a whole, with the participation of different sectors, and takes an intercultural approach.

Progress

121. Guidelines for the training and social reintegration of drug users have been formulated, providing a basis for the national effort in treatment and rehabilitation centres.

122. Bolivia has minimum care standards for the treatment and rehabilitation of alcohol or drug users and minimum standards for accreditation, which regulate the minimum requirements for the operation of treatment and social rehabilitation centres.

123. Printed information material was also produced on the prevention of legal and illegal drug use and the promotion of healthy lifestyles between 2001 and 2003. The purpose of the material was to provide information and transmit positive messages that help reduce demand for drugs in high-risk populations. Primary target groups: children and adolescents; secondary target groups: parents, teachers and the population as a whole.

D. Improving all aspects of occupational and environmental hygiene

124. The Ministry of Labour issued ministerial decision No. 348/04 of 14 July 2004 (annex 14), which provides for the issue of identity cards to the different categories of industrial safety professionals throughout the country.

125. Submission of a hygiene, industrial safety and occupational health plan to the Ministry of Labour is a mandatory requirement for approval of the environmental statement by the Ministry of Sustainable Development. As a result of this measure, the number of such plans submitted increased from 8 in 2002 to 200 by 2005.

126. In the field of health, the Bolivian Government has taken the following measures:

Background

Article 158, paragraph 1, of the Constitution provides that the State has an obligation to defend its human capital by protecting the health of the population.

Chapter V, article 20, of DecreeLaw No. 16998 provides that the National Institute for Occupational Health is competent to propose relevant technical standards in coordination with related bodies; in the discharge of this mandate, the following norms and regulations were developed:

All standards mentioned were drawn up in the framework of the Health Safety and Welfare Act and the Environment Act, No. 1333.

127. There are also regulations for the management of solid waste generated in health establishments, and the Bolivian standard for solid waste generated in health establishments.

Progress
Programmes

Agreements

E. Prevention and treatment of epidemic, endemic,
occupational and other illnesses

Malaria
Background

Brief diagnosis of the malaria problem in Bolivia

128. The limitations and problems facing the National Malaria Monitoring and Control Programme during the period 1998-2004 were analysed and the programme’s main achievements and challenges identified. The programme areas examined, covering epidemiological surveillance and information systems, programme management, health promotion and malaria prevention, entomological surveillance and vector control, were important factors in the programme’s implementation, strengthening and development.

129. The National Malaria Monitoring and Control Programme contributes to the implementation of high-priority national health policies: universalization of insurance and the inclusion of health social protection as a high priority; the prioritization of maternal and child health, control of endemic diseases and vector-borne diseases; and involving society in decisions and actions for individual and collective health.

130. To keep the problem under control, goals were established such as: improving epidemiological surveillance and health information systems; improving the management of prevention and control activities carried out under the Programme; improving health promotion and malaria prevention; encouraging local diagnosis and treatment by general and community health services; stepping up environment and entomological surveillance and integrated malaria vector control; and carrying out supervision, monitoring and evaluation for disease prevention and control.

131. The programme serves to coordinate international technical and financial cooperation and provides a model for the work of the Ministry of Health and Sports in responding to health requirements and priorities. There was a satisfactory level of inter-institutional participation during the analysis and discussion of the programme. The programme brings together national, international and public bodies working jointly on the issue of malaria.

Health promotion and prevention of malaria

132. The health promotion and malaria prevention component means that control is sustainable in the medium to long term. It is based on information, education and communication campaigns to disseminate information on self-protection measures and on how to improve the behaviour of individuals and the population, in order to prevent the risk of malaria infection; promoting the use of impregnated materials to prevent transmission (mosquito nets and repellents); organizing and training community volunteer workers in detection, diagnosis and treatment; disseminating preventive measures and making physical improvements to the environment inside and around the home, in order to reduce transmission. Insecticide-impregnated materials are supplied to the population living in endemic areas, who are encouraged to use them; sanitary conditions are assessed, environments are adapted and housing improved, in order to change environmental health and housing conditions permanently with the aim of achieving sustained control of disease transmission. The Malaria Prevention Manual is being drawn up in line with these objectives.

133. The achievements in this area concern the organization of a network of voluntary workers and indigenous leaders whose work consists in detecting, treating and monitoring suspicious cases, and disseminating information on malaria prevention and control. Educational materials have been produced for health and community services (malaria manuals for leaders and voluntary workers, and a training manual for the community trainer).

134. Challenges are faced in developing and consolidating the information, education and communication strategy, the aim of which is to disseminate information on health promotion and disease prevention among the general population and train personnel in this field. Challenges include: consolidating and expanding the network of voluntary workers, increasing their numbers and monitoring and assessing their activities; validating and assessing the use of impregnated mosquito nets as a good strategy for malaria control in endemic areas; and improving environmental health and housing conditions in areas resistant to conventional vectorcontrol measures.

135. The information, education and communication documents became applicable from the time of their dissemination nationwide.

Objective

136. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of malaria through control levels of less than 5 per 1,000 exposed inhabitants, and contribute to the country’s socio-economic development.

137. To foster the reduction of malaria-related morbidity and mortality and help improve the quality of life of the Bolivian population.

138. To improve the malaria monitoring and control capacity of the eight departmental health services in the malaria endemic area, so as to carry out follow-up and assessment of compliance with objectives and goals relating to malaria control, improving the management of the components of the National Malaria Monitoring and Control Programme at the different health service levels.

Progress made

139. The document “Epidemiological achievements in malaria control in Bolivia for 19982004” indicates the work carried out in each department (because of the size of the document it will be provided separately).

Ministry of Health and Sports Malaria manual for voluntary health workers and leaders

Chagas’ disease
History

141. Chagas’ disease is acknowledged to be the most urgent and overwhelming health problem in southern South America, both in terms of scale and impact, and control of the disease has been declared a priority in the countries involved.

142. Consequently, the health ministries of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay, meeting in Brasilia in July 1991, undertook to carry out the necessary work to eradicate Triatoma infestans and control the transfusional transmission of Chagas’ disease. To meet this objective an intergovernmental commission was set up with the aim of promoting a subregional programme and plan of action, with the Pan American Health Organization acting as the secretariat.

143. Since then, the intergovernmental commission has requested periodic reports from member States on the status of prevention and control actions, holding 14 technical meetings on a rotating basis (Buenos Aires in August 1992, Bolivia in March 2005).

144. As a result of the conditions created under the INCOSUR-Chagas initiative (1991) and with the accumulation of existing knowledge in the country, 1998 was a historic year for Bolivia, since it was decided to implement the “Epidemiological Shield” as a fundamental health policy strategy, aimed at tackling diseases with high prevalence including, as a priority, control of Chagas’ disease. To this end, significant funds have been allocated by the Inter-American Development Bank.

145. In 1999 work started on establishing a baseline relating to the vector’s spread and house infestation. In subsequent years (2000 and 2004), with funds from the Bank, coverage of the endemic area was gradually extended, as part of which houses underwent two cycles of chemical treatment, and post-spraying entomological evaluation was stepped up. In 2003 all households in the area were treated. This was the most extensive anti-vector operation to be carried out in the country, with vector detection and insecticide spraying of approximately 670,000 houses. For the period 2004 this coverage - particularly the entomological evaluation - remained a priority.

146. For 2005 a methodology has been proposed for the consolidation phase, based on the control levels achieved.

147. Information, education and communication activities were carried out at the same time as the vector-related actions. At the start of 2000 various short-term actions were carried out in order to position the programme. Subsequently, with a basic diagnosis, the 10-year strategy was developed.

148. With regard to diagnosis and treatment of children under the age of 5, while there would seem to be a delay between the time the project started and the time activities in this area began, this delay can be explained by the fact that treatment of the population makes sense only in areas where vector transmission has been interrupted or where the risk of reinfection is very low.

Progress
Achievements in vector control

149. We have up-to-date entomological information relating to infestation, by department and municipality, which provides guidance for vector-control activities (see figure 1).

150. The vector-control situation in Bolivia is marked by a considerable drop in triatomine infestation in areas where work has been carried out: the level of infestation when the baseline was established (1999-2003) was 75 per cent, while the residual infestation level observed, as measured by post-spraying entomological evaluation, was 4.1 per cent in 2003 and 2.8 per cent in 2004 (see figure 2).

Achievements in diagnosis and treatment

151. Regional teams have been set up, except in Tarija and Potosí; manuals for diagnosis and clinical operations have been drawn up, validated by international expert consultants accredited by the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization in Brazil and Argentina, the Pan American Health Organization and the World Health Organization in Bolivia and the Bolivian Society of Pediatrics; and an intervention strategy has been drawn up to diagnose approximately 330,000 children under the age of 5 and treat 124,120 children infected with Chagas’ disease.

152. A pilot diagnosis and treatment scheme is currently being implemented in the municipality of Mairana, Santa Cruz, and the work is expected to finish by July 2005.

153. An integral component is the project for control of congenital Chagas’ disease, for which Belgian cooperation has been secured. The plan is to help control congenital Chagas’ disease by diagnosing and treating infected newborns in second- and third-level hospitals in endemic departments in Bolivia.

154. The following publications have been prepared for awareness-raising purposes:

Ministry of Health and Sports Congenital Chagas’ disease - diagnosis and control strategies

Ministry of Health and Sports CD, national programme for information, education, communication and training

Ministry of Health and Sports Executive summary - “Information, education and communication strategy for the national Chagas programme”

Ministry of Health and Sports Information, education and communication strategy for the national Chagas programme

Ministry of Health and Sports Study of knowledge, attitudes and practices related to Chagas’ disease

Ministry of Health and Sports Technical and administrative functions and processes - national Chagas programme

155. Achievements of the information, education, communication and training component. Considering the cross-cutting nature of this component, which has links throughout the programme, actions will be carried out before, after and concomitantly with those funded by the Inter-American Development Bank. Significant achievements include the following:

− The design of a policy that acknowledges the very important role played by communication in a society’s development and progress, by democratizing information and access to knowledge of health-related matters;

− Findings of surveys carried out among inhabitants of endemic areas to determine their knowledge, attitudes, practices, perceptions and ideas concerning the main issues related to Chagas’ disease and its transmission;

− Design of a short-, medium- and long-term strategy with activities aimed at changing attitudes and practices through local capacity-building, fostering participation, opening up forums for dialogue, democracy and plurality in a national context.

Figure 1

[*] The initial report (E/1990/5/Add.44) concerning rights covered by articles 1 to 15 was considered by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights at its twenty-fifth session, held in May 2001 (see E/C.12/2001/SR.15 to 17).

[**] The information submitted by Bolivia in accordance with the guidelines concerning the initial part of reports of States parties is contained in the core document (HRI/CORE/1/Add.54/Rev.2).

[***] The present document was not formally edited before being sent to the United Nations translation services.

^[1] The document is being prepared by the Executive and the human rights community (civilsociety organizations) - and is due to be finalized and presented by the end of September 2005.

^[4] National Statistics Institute - 2003 National Demographic and Health Survey.

^[5] Economic Policy Analysis Unit (UDAPE)-National Statistics Institute (INE)-United Nations: Progress towards the Millennium Development Goals, Bolivia 2002; second report, 2002.

^[6] INE-UDAPE-United Nations: Progress towards the Millennium Development Goals, second report, Bolivia, 2002.

^[7] Judith McGuire and Cindy López: The limits of growth in Bolivia: how nutrition programmes can contribute to poverty reduction. World Bank, Latin America region, Human Development Sector Unit, September 2001.

^[8] S. Paulson, N. Velarde: Evaluation of existing interventions. Study on malnutrition and poverty. Cochabamba, Bolivia, 2001. World Bank, p. 26.

Year	National minimum wage	Legal provisions
2002	430	Supreme Decree No. 26547, 14 March 2002 (annex 4)
2003	440	Supreme Decree No. 27049, 26 May 2003 Ministerial Decision No. 290/03, 3 June 2003 (annex 5)
2004	3 per cent salary increase for the health and education sectors only	Supreme Decree No. 27654, 30 July 2004 (annex 6)

	Illegal strikes	Conciliation exercises
Health sector	6	7
Education sector	1	0
Oil sector	0	2
Entel (Empresa Nacional de Telecomunicaciones)	0	6
Unemployed	0	2
Manufacturing sector	0	2
Mining sector	0	1

United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights - State Party Reports

Bolivia - Second periodic reports submitted by States parties [2007] UNCESCRSPR 6; E/C.12/BOL/2 (20 August 2007)

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANTON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

Second periodic reports submitted by States parties under articles 16 and 17 of the CovenantAddendum

BOLIVIA[*] [**] [***]

REPORT SUBMITTED BY BOLIVIA TO THE COMMITTEE ONECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS CONCERNINGTHE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTSINTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIALAND CULTURAL RIGHTS

Recommendations of the Committee on Economic, Social andCultural Rights concerning the initial country report

STATISTICAL TABLES

Table 1Employment status, by year and by sex, 1999-2003

Table 1.1Urban areas: Employment status, by year and sex,1999-2002

Table 1.2Rural areas: Employment status, by year and sex,1999-2002

Table 2Main employment indicators, by year and by sex,1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 2.1Urban areas: Main employment indicators, by year and sex,1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 2.2Rural areas: Main employment indicators, by year and sex, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 3Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 3.1Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 3.2Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 4Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 4.1Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation by year,sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 4.2Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 5Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 5 (continued)

Table 5.1Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 5.1 (continued)

Table 5.2Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupationby year, sex and economic activity 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 5.2 (continued)

Table 6Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 6.1Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation by year,sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 6.2Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation,by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

HEALTH AND SAFETY AT WORK

LABOUR INSPECTION CONVENTION, 1947

Convention No. 81Ratified by Bolivia in 1973

LABOUR INSPECTION (AGRICULTURE) CONVENTION

Convention No. 129Ratified by Bolivia in 1977

EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR EVERYONE TO BE PROMOTED IN THEIREMPLOYMENT TO AN APPROPRIATE HIGHER LEVEL, AND THERIGHT TO REST, LEISURE AND REASONABLE LIMITATION OFWORKING HOURS AND PERIODIC HOLIDAYS WITH PAY, AS WELL AS REMUNERATION FOR PUBLIC HOLIDAYS

STATISTICAL TABLES

Table 1Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 1.1Urban areas: Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 1.2Rural areas: Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 2Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 2.1Urban areas: Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, broken down by sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 2.2Rural areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 3Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 3 (continued)

Table 3.1Urban areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and economic sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 3.1 (continued)

Table 3.2Rural areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and economic sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 4Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 4.1Urban areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 4.2Rural areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Background

Developments

Right of all persons to enjoy equitable and satisfactory working conditions

Other instruments relating to social welfare include:

STATISTICAL TABLES

Table 1National minimum wage by year and wage increases, 2002-2004

Table 2Average monthly income in main occupation, by year, sex and occupational group,1999-2003 (p)(bolivianos)

Table 2 (continued)

Table 2.1 (continued)

Table 2.2 (continued)

Table 3Average monthly income in the main occupation,by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 3 (continued)

Table 3.1Urban areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)(bolivianos)

Table 3.1 (continued)

Table 3.2Rural areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)(bolivianos)

Table 4Average monthly income in the main occupation, by year, sexand economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 4 (continued)

Table 4.1Urban areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,by year, sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 4.1 (continued)

Table 4.2Rural areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation, by year, sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)(bolivianos)

Table 4.2 (continued)

Table 5Average monthly income in the main occupation, by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 5.1Urban areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation, by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 5.2Rural areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation, by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

The right of everyone to form trade unions and join the trade union of his choice

The right of trade unions to establish national federations or confederations and the right of the latter to form or join international trade-union organizations, and the right of trade unions to function freely subject to no limitations other than those prescribed by law

The right to strike, exercised in conformity with the laws of the country

STATISTICAL TABLES

Table 1Illegal strikes and conciliation exercises handled by the Department of Labour, by sector, 2004: Conflicts dealt with by the Department of Labour

Imposition of lawful restrictions on the exercise of these rights by members of the armed forces or of the police or of the administration of the State

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT
ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

Second periodic reports submitted by States parties
under articles 16 and 17 of the Covenant
Addendum

BOLIVIA[] [] []

REPORT SUBMITTED BY BOLIVIA TO THE COMMITTEE ON
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS CONCERNING
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT
ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS
INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL
AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

Recommendations of the Committee on Economic, Social and
Cultural Rights concerning the initial country report

Table 1
Employment status, by year and by sex, 1999-2003

Table 1.1
Urban areas: Employment status, by year and sex,
1999-2002

Table 1.2
Rural areas: Employment status, by year and sex,
1999-2002

Table 2
Main employment indicators, by year and by sex,
1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 2.1
Urban areas: Main employment indicators, by year and sex,
1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 2.2
Rural areas: Main employment indicators, by year and sex,
1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 3
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 3.1
Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 3.2
Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 4
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 4.1
Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation by year,
sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 4.2
Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 5
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 5.1
Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 5.2
Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation
by year, sex and economic activity 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 6
Population distribution in terms of main occupation, by year,
sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 6.1
Urban areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation by year,
sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Table 6.2
Rural areas: Population distribution in terms of main occupation,
by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p) (%)

Convention No. 81
Ratified by Bolivia in 1973

Convention No. 129
Ratified by Bolivia in 1977

EQUAL OPPORTUNITY FOR EVERYONE TO BE PROMOTED IN THEIR
EMPLOYMENT TO AN APPROPRIATE HIGHER LEVEL, AND THE
RIGHT TO REST, LEISURE AND REASONABLE LIMITATION OF
WORKING HOURS AND PERIODIC HOLIDAYS WITH PAY, AS WELL
AS REMUNERATION FOR PUBLIC HOLIDAYS

Table 1
Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 1.1
Urban areas: Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 1.2
Rural areas: Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and occupational group, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 2
Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 2.1
Urban areas: Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, broken down by sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 2.2
Rural areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 3
Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 3.1
Urban areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and economic sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 3.2
Rural areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and economic sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 4
Average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 4.1
Urban areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 4.2
Rural areas: average number of hours worked per week in the main occupation,
by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 1
National minimum wage by year and wage increases, 2002-2004

Table 2
Average monthly income in main occupation, by year, sex and occupational group,
1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)

Table 3
Average monthly income in the main occupation,
by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 3.1
Urban areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,
by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)

Table 3.2
Rural areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,
by year, sex and job category, 1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)

Table 4
Average monthly income in the main occupation, by year, sex
and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 4.1
Urban areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,
by year, sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 4.2
Rural areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,
by year, sex and economic activity, 1999-2003 (p)
(bolivianos)

Table 5
Average monthly income in the main occupation, by
year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 5.1
Urban areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,
by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 5.2
Rural areas: Average monthly income in the main occupation,
by year, sex and labour market sector, 1999-2003 (p)

Table 1
Illegal strikes and conciliation exercises handled by the Department of Labour,
by sector, 2004: Conflicts dealt with by the Department of Labour

Progress
National development plans and policies that cover food and nutritional security

Trends in support of compliance with the Millennium Development Goals^[5]

Progress
Training programme

Mental health
Background

Progress
Programmes

E. Prevention and treatment of epidemic, endemic,
occupational and other illnesses

Malaria
Background

Chagas’ disease
History

Progress
Achievements in vector control