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El Salvador - Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under Article 44 of the Convention: Convention on the Rights of the Child: Third and Fourth periodic reports by States parties due in 2007 [2009] UNCRCSPR 27; CRC/C/SLV/3-4 (23 July 2009)
UNITED NATIONS
|
|
CRC
|
|
Convention on the Rights of the Child
|
Distr. GENERAL
CRC/C/SLV/3-4 23 July 2009
ENGLISH Original: SPANISH
|
COMMITTEE ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES
UNDER ARTICLE 44 OF THE CONVENTION
Third and fourth periodic reports by States parties due in
2007
EL SALVADOR[*]
**
[21 February 2008]
CONTENTS
Paragraphs Page
I. Introduction 1-6 5
II. General information 7-37 5
A. Definition of child 7 5
B. General information on the child population 8-13 5
C. State of the National Policy for the Full Development of
Children and
Adolescents (PNDINA) 14-20 7
D. State of the National Action Plan (2001-2010) 21 8
E. Allocations and trends of budgets for implementing the
Convention on
the Rights of the Child 22-25 9
F. International cooperation 26 12
G. Information on programmes for caring for children
in vulnerable
groups 27-32 13
H. Role of the independent national human rights institutions
with
competence for child rights 33 16
I. Publicizing the
Convention 34-37 16
III. General principles 38 17
IV. Civil rights and participation rights 39-43 17
A. Freedom of
expression; freedom of assembly and association 39-43 17
V. Family and other types of protection 44-91 18
A. Parental counselling and guidance and
parental
responsibilities 44-49 18
B. Children temporarily separated from their parents by
non-criminal
court rulings 50-55 20
C. Alimony payments 56 22
D. Adoption 57-58 22
E. Protection and assistance of children 59-68 23
F. Protection against
domestic violence 69-91 27
VI. Basic health and well-being 92-215 32
A. Survival and development; nutrition 92-124 32
B. Disabled children 125-163 42
C. Health and health services 164-179 51
D. Social
security 180-184 54
E. HIV/AIDS 185-215 56
Paragraphs Page
VII. Education, leisure and cultural activities 216-278 61
A. Education, training and careers guidance 216-232 61
B. Activities to improve the coverage and quality of
education 233-277 68
C. Relaxation, leisure and cultural and artistic
activities 278 78
VIII. Special protection measures 279-386 79
- Returning
children 279-288 79
- Child
victims of trafficking and sexual
exploitation 289-310 82
- Refugee
children 311 89
- Children
in conflict with justice 312-342 89
- Children
subject to exploitation and the worst
forms of child labour 343-356 98
- Children
belonging to minorities or
indigenous groups 357-365 106
- Drug
abuse 367-374 108
- Street
children 375-376 109
- Prevention
of violence against minors 377-380 110
- Missing
children 381-386 110
ANNEXES
I. Child population of El Salvador 113
II. Child Information System (SIPI): protection indicators (ISNA) 119
III. Presence of ISNA at national level 122
IV. Treatment of sex crimes 123
- Types
of crimes of paternal irresponsibility punishable by custodial
sentences
(Criminal Code) 128
- Statistical
data of the Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic on
crimes
concerning family relationships 130
VII. Child victims
of sexual assault and abuse treated by ISDEMU 131
- Beneficiaries
of individual and group support activities for victims of domestic
violence
132
IX. Undernourishment and anaemia 133
- Revision
“Plus 5” of the implementation of commitments under the Action Plan
in
the document "A World Fit for Children" 134
XI. Nutritional
vulnerability map 159
XII. Breast-feeding practice in El Salvador 160
Page
XIII. Salvadoran Institute for Rehabilitation of Invalids 161
XIV. MINED public expenditure by level of education, budget line 2001-2005
163
XV. Alternative classes 165
XVI. Pregnancies and marriages of minors 166
XVII. Literacy of population aged 6 and over by gender and age group
167
XVIII. School attendance of population aged 4 and over by gender and age
group 173
XIX. Deported minors (2004-2005) 180
XX. Care of victims of trafficking 181
XXI. Offences allegedly committed by persons under 18 183
XXII. Continuous Development Programme for Labour Inspectors 188
XXIII. Prevention programmes 190
I. Introduction
- El
Salvador, in strict compliance with the commitments made when ratifying the
Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990, is submitting
its third and
fourth periodic report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child, as requested
by the Committee in its concluding
observations on the second
report.[1]
- The
present report covers the period 2004–2007, since the Committee had the
opportunity to examine the situation of compliance
with the Convention up to
2003 when it examined the second periodic report on El Salvador. It also
includes information and replies
from El Salvador to the Committee’s
latest observations on the second periodic report.
- The
report was prepared following the Committee’s guidelines for the
preparation of periodic reports, taking account of the
Committee’s
concluding observations on the second periodic report.
- The
State institutions with competence for child rights took part in the drafting of
the report, and the main non-governmental organizations
working in this area
were consulted, though no information was received in
writing.[2]
- Except
where otherwise indicated, the institutional mandates and the legal framework
applicable to the protection of the fundamental
rights and freedoms of children
and adolescents described in the second periodic report, were not substantially
altered during the
period 20042007. Accordingly, please see El Salvador’s
second periodic report for general information on the legislation, bodies
and
procedures for protecting and promoting child rights. (CRC/C/65/Add.25 of 22
October 2003).
- The
Government of El Salvador gives an undertaking to the Committee on the Rights of
the Child to take the measures necessary to comply
with the Convention on the
Rights of the Child, and to endeavour to submit future periodic reports on
time.
II. General
information
A. Definition of child
- The
legislative provisions in force in El Salvador regarding the definition of
“child”, already described in the second
periodic report, were not
changed substantially during the reporting
period.[3]
B.
General information on the child population
- According
to projections by the General Directorate for Statistics and Censuses of the
Ministry of Economy (DIGESTYC), based on the
Multi-Purpose Household Survey
(EHPM), around 2006 the percentage of the country’s population aged under
18 was calculated
at 43.83 per cent, 51.13 per cent of whom being boys and 48.87
per cent girls.
- Figures
1, 2 and 3 contain data on the child population by gender, age group and urban
or rural origin, calculated for 2006.
Figure
1
Total child population by gender and age group,
2006
National total
|
Age group
|
Total
|
Gender
|
Male
|
Female
|
Total
|
2,832,221
|
1,448,024
|
1,384,197
|
0 – 4
|
666,508
|
341,995
|
324,513
|
5 – 9
|
851,671
|
431,421
|
420,250
|
10 – 14
|
850,920
|
444,476
|
406,444
|
15 – 17
|
463,122
|
230,132
|
232,990
|
Source: Ministry of the Economy, DIGESTYC, EHPM. 2006
Figure 2
Total child population by gender and age group,
2006
Total national urban population
|
Age group
|
Total
|
Gender
|
Male
|
Female
|
Total
|
1,556,719
|
802,490
|
754,229
|
0 – 4
|
363,773
|
192,003
|
171,770
|
5 – 9
|
464,349
|
236,122
|
228,227
|
10 – 14
|
467,817
|
243,182
|
224,635
|
15 – 17
|
260,780
|
131,183
|
129,597
|
Source: Ministry of the Economy, DIGESTYC, EHPM. 2006
Figure 3
Total child population by gender and age group,
2006
Total rural population of the country
|
Age group
|
Total
|
Gender
|
Male
|
Female
|
Total
|
1,275,502
|
645,534
|
629,968
|
0 – 4
|
302,735
|
149,992
|
152,743
|
5 – 9
|
387,322
|
195,299
|
192,023
|
10 – 14
|
383,103
|
201,294
|
181,809
|
15 – 17
|
202,342
|
98,949
|
103,393
|
Source: Ministry of the Economy, DIGESTYC, EHPM, 2006.
- Annex
I contains data on the child population by gender, age group and urban or rural
origin, for the period 2004–2005.
- The
Ministry of the Economy is processing the data from the 2007 National Population
and Housing Census. The final results will be
ready in the first quarter of 2008
and the section on general population information of the basic country document
will be updated
accordingly then.
- The
Salvadoran Institute for Full Development of Children and Adolescents
(ISNA)[4] has developed an
Child Information System (SIPI). The system incorporates indicators in the areas
of prevention with initial education,
protection with care for children and
adolescents whose rights have been violated, and re-education for adolescents in
conflict with
the current Juvenile Criminal Justice Act.
- The
indicators are listed in Annex
II.
C. State of the
National Policy for the Full Development of Children and Adolescents
- In
2004 activities began for improving compliance with and implementation of the
National Policy for the Full Development of Children
and Adolescents (PNDINA).
ISNA’s institutional priority is basically to implement the PNDINA in a
context of local development
and joint social responsibility. In line with this
priority, the Department of Policy Promotion and Adjustment was set up and was
allocated human and financial resources to work in the following four
areas:
- Political
and institutional: A training programme was promoted for human resources in
public and private bodies on the policy and
focus of child and adolescent
rights;
- Local
management: The policy was promoted at local level in the municipalities using
participative community methods for diagnosing
the situation of child rights at
local level;
- Public
participation: Situational diagnoses were made on child rights, work plans and
the training of committees to monitor the plans;
- Mass
media: Promotion and awareness campaigns for safeguarding child and adolescent
rights were carried out.
- In
2005 work continued in the same areas of action scenarios, coverage and
objectives were extended in municipalities, and a new strategy
of training
volunteer promotion agents was implemented for promoting child rights. In 2006
there was a need to bring the services
closer to the community to improve the
results in terms of the strengthening of local networks in the field of child
rights and national
policy for full development of children.
- In
particular, the achievements include the agreements signed between ISNA and
local governments for the promotion and protection
of child rights. In 2005
agreements were signed with 21 municipalities, or 15.78% of all local
authorities in the central and paracentral
areas of the country. In 2006, with
the change of strategy and the setting-up of nine ISNA community offices, the
targets increased
to 76 local governments, equivalent to 57.14% of all
133 municipalities. Implementation of the plan began in 2004 with six
diagnoses
of the situation of child rights, with their respective working plans
and the training of local committees. In 2006 there was a total
of 25 local
situation diagnoses.
- In
2004 ISNA provided 52 training courses under the programme for training human
resources on child rights and policy. At least 831
staff of ISNA and its other
cooperating institutions were informed and made aware of child rights and
freedoms. Over the period 20052006,
1284 more members and strategic allies were
trained, bringing the total to 2115 persons over the three-year reporting
period. In
addition, 22 local networks were incorporated and upgraded. In 2005
these totalled six networks in the east of the country and five
in the west. At
the end of the period, 33 ISNA local networks for promoting and protecting child
rights were operational.
- ISNA
has drafted the children’s version of the PNDINA, with the aim of
informing the child population about child rights, 4000
copies of which have
been circulated to children and adolescents throughout the country.
- One
of the obstacles to extending the coverage of the plan was that to be
participative it was subject to adolescents’ time
availability,
reconciling the agendas of the participants and a lack of political will on the
part of some local authorities. It
therefore changed its strategy. The alliances
were continued, and efforts focused on the working processes and immersion in
the municipalities
by strengthening local networks and extending coverage of
services through a process of decentralizing ISNA’s institutional
services.
- With
the promulgation of the National Policy for the Full Development of Children and
Adolescents, ISNA has put in place comprehensive
protection mechanisms in 43% of
the country’s 111 municipalities, with prevention programmes to promote
rights and prevent
violence, impacting on diagnoses and local development plans
relating to children. Prevention plans were also fostered with local
authorities, such as the Life Skills Preparation Plan, for adolescents aged 12
to 17 in the east of the country; management for the
adoption by town halls of
operational units for children and adolescents; approval of municipal orders
protecting against the worst
forms of child labour; and promoting mental health
committees.
D. State of the National Action Plan
(2001-2010)
- ISNA
has taken various measures in compliance with the objectives of the National
Action Plan for Children 2001-2010, notably:
- Regarding
the aim of extending and improving access to comprehensive early-childhood
education, ISNA administers the Child Welfare
Centres (CBI), Comprehensive
Development Centres (CDI), and Initial Care Homes (HAI), which exist in 48.5% of
the country’s
127 municipalities. One of the main areas of progress is the
comprehensive approach to the concept of child care, with the participation
of
the family and local players in order to promote and reinforce good parenting
practice in families. The activities aim to change
bad practices perpetuated by
cultural patterns that adversely influence child development. The strategy is
based on family schools
or family development workshops, which have been
developed using various integration methods, such as child development and life
skills materials. This enables children to receive better care both at initial
care centres and within their families;
- Another
significant step forward is the implementation of the integrated curriculum
guides, that have been prepared on the themes
of health, education and
protection, which include technical contributions from the Ministry of Public
Health and Social Welfare
(MSPAS), the Ministry of Education (MINED) and NGOs
working for child rights. These guides, approved by the Ministry of Education,
are used by personnel outside the formal teaching profession (educators, health
personnel and parents) to gain a qualification in
child
care;
- Regarding
the objective to reduce gender inequality in education, ISNA has achieved fair
and egalitarian participation in initial
education programmes, with 50.7% boys
and 49.3% girls;
- Regarding
the objective of developing protection for children against ill treatment,
exploitation and violence, ISNA statistics report
351 complaints of
ill-treatment in 2004; 423 in 2005 and 463 in 2006. In relation to all children
whose rights were violated, this
percentage distribution accounted for 10.5% of
all cases in 2004, 8.6% in 2005 and 9% in 2006. Similarly, complaints of
economic
exploitation fell from 1.5% in 2004 to 1.1% in 2005 and 1% in 2006,
with 51 cases in 2004, 64 cases in 2005 and 74 cases in 2006;
- Regarding
the reduction in the rates of involvement of children and adolescents in the
worst forms of child labour, up to September
2007, 46,657 children and
adolescents had been removed from or prevented from taking part in such
activities.
E. Allocations and trends
of budgets for implementing
the Convention on the Rights of the
Child
- From
2004 to 2006 there was a sustained increase in State budget allocated to
safeguarding and promoting child rights, as the following
figure
shows.
Figure 4
Expenditure on child rights by source of funding
At the top of the table there are some zero entries, relating to the Youth
Secretariat and the social programmes for preventing violence
and juvenile
delinquency, since that institution and those programmes did not exist at the
time.
Branch/Institution
|
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Prime Minister’s Office
|
|
26,236.4
|
31,627.8
|
32,149.4
|
Youth Secretariat
|
General fund
|
0.0
|
2,569.5
|
4,399.1
|
Social prevention of violence and juvenile delinquency
|
General fund
|
0.0
|
600.7
|
494.5
|
Social prevention of violence and juvenile delinquency (donation)
|
Donation
|
429.2
|
483.3
|
1,430.7
|
Grants service
|
General fund
|
360.1
|
434.5
|
586.4
|
Family care
|
General fund
|
2,040.7
|
2,720.0
|
2,438.1
|
Alimony
|
General fund
|
989.2
|
1,255.6
|
1,212.4
|
INDES
|
General fund
|
8,940.7
|
10,287.4
|
9,316.1
|
ISNA
|
General fund
|
11,856.4
|
11,659.2
|
11,817.8
|
ISDEMU
|
General fund
|
1,425.9
|
1,423.4
|
260.0
|
National Council for Comprehensive Care of the Disabled
|
General fund
|
194.3
|
194.3
|
194.3
|
Supreme Court of Justice (CSJ)
|
|
10,130.8
|
10,122.7
|
10,894.4
|
Strengthening of the CSJ’s Juvenile Justice Support Office
|
External fund
|
39.2
|
31.1
|
16.2
|
Juvenile courts
|
General fund
|
4,025.2
|
4,025.2
|
4,318.7
|
Family courts
|
General fund
|
6,066.4
|
6,066.4
|
6,559.5
|
Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic
|
|
740.9
|
775.6
|
905.6
|
Juvenile offenders
|
General fund
|
740.9
|
775.6
|
905.6
|
Office of the Attorney-General of the Republic
|
|
3,942.0
|
3,709.7
|
4,171.5
|
Assistance to families and minors
|
General fund
|
3,942.0
|
3,709.7
|
4,171.5
|
Ministry of Governance
|
|
329.0
|
355.6
|
372.0
|
Social prevention of drug use
|
General fund
|
329.0
|
355.6
|
372.0
|
Ministry of Public Security
|
|
297.7
|
314.6
|
298.1
|
National Anti-Drug Commission
|
General fund
|
5.0
|
40.9
|
31.7
|
|
Donation by private enterprise
|
11.1
|
2.2
|
1.8
|
|
Donation by international organizations
|
5.7
|
|
|
General Directorate of Public Security
|
General fund
|
231.5
|
231.5
|
238.2
|
General Directorate of Prisons
|
General fund
|
16.6
|
11.2
|
9.2
|
General Directorate of Migration and Aliens
|
General fund
|
0.4
|
1.4
|
12.2
|
National Civil Police
|
Donation by international organizations
|
27.4
|
27.4
|
5.0
|
Ministry of Education
|
|
371,966.8
|
380,714.5
|
419,282.2
|
Nursery education
|
General fund
|
35,665.9
|
36,689.7
|
40,897.3
|
Elementary education
|
General fund
|
285,883.5
|
293,332.7
|
313,953.9
|
High-school education
|
General fund
|
29,355.1
|
30,407.5
|
33,665.9
|
Subsidies to:
|
|
|
|
|
Roberto Callejas Montalvo Cerebral Palsy Home
|
General fund
|
38.9
|
38.9
|
38.9
|
Children’s Museum Association
|
General fund
|
48.6
|
48.6
|
48.6
|
National Children’s Association
|
General fund
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
1.0
|
El Salvador Scouts’ Association
|
General fund
|
97.6
|
77.7
|
77.7
|
El Salvador Girl Guides’ Assocation
|
General fund
|
9.7
|
9.7
|
9.7
|
Special Education Foundation
|
General fund
|
48.6
|
48.6
|
128.6
|
FUNDASALVA
|
General fund
|
77.7
|
77.7
|
77.7
|
National Special Olympics Committee
|
General fund
|
19.4
|
19.4
|
19.4
|
Salesian Educational Association of the Daughters of Mary Help of
Christians of the city of Chalchuapa. Department of Santa Ana
|
General fund
|
75.0
|
4.7
|
4.7
|
Investment programmes for competitiveness, equity and innovation in
education
|
General fund
|
|
|
9,370.8
|
Improving access, quality and equity in education
|
General fund
|
9,201.8
|
9,015.4
|
9,190.5
|
CONCULTURA
|
General fund
|
11,444.0
|
10,942.8
|
11,797.4
|
Ministry of Health
|
|
78,115.1
|
93,604.5
|
104,043.6
|
National Health System 1/
|
General fund
|
51,513.4
|
59,284.1
|
56,569.4
|
Bloom Hospital
|
General fund
|
14,237.9
|
13,578.5
|
14,944.2
|
|
Own resources
|
748.9
|
648.6
|
1,623.6
|
Salvadoran Institute for the Rehabilitation of Invalids
|
Own resources
|
319.2
|
372.0
|
415.0
|
|
General fund
|
3,765.1
|
3,978.2
|
4,178.2
|
Health Solidarity Fund (operational from August 2005)
|
General fund
|
0.0
|
4,136.1
|
13,876.2
|
Salvadoran Social Security Institute
|
Own resources
|
6,792.6
|
11 ,059.8
|
11 ,714.8
|
Subsidies to
|
|
|
|
|
Ayúdame a Vivir Foundation
|
General fund
|
522.9
|
422.9
|
422.9
|
FUNDASALVA
|
General fund
|
190.1
|
114.3
|
194.3
|
Albergue Jardín de amor, Zacatecoluca
|
General fund
|
5.0
|
10.0
|
10.0
|
Hogares Providencia Foundation
|
General fund
|
20.0
|
|
40.0
|
CREA Households Association of El Salvador
|
General fund
|
|
|
25.0
|
FUNDA INOCENCIA
|
General fund
|
|
|
30.0
|
Ministry of Employment and Social Security
|
|
41.4
|
43.2
|
43.2
|
Eradication of Child Labour
|
General fund
|
34.7
|
36.5
|
36.5
|
INSAFOR
|
Own resources
|
6.7
|
6.7
|
6.7
|
Total
|
|
491,800.1
|
521,268.1
|
572,160.1
|
Source: SAFI, ISRI, FOSALUD ISSS, MISPYAS.
1/ The information on hospital care for 2006 has yet to be completed with
Ministry of Health data. It was therefore estimated to be
the same as for
2005.
- As
an agency specializing in caring for vulnerable children, ISNA was allocated the
following budget for the past three years:
Figure
5
Budget allocated to ISNA (2004-2006)
Year
|
Budget (US dollars)
|
2004
|
12,357,166.36
|
2005
|
11,763,675.00
|
2006
|
12,701,745.55
|
Data taken from the ISNA Financial Unit on the basis of executed budgets.
- We
would point out that the tendency to support budgets earmarked for child care
also applies to the strengthening of the courts and
specialist offices of the
judiciary for minors, as the following table
shows:
Figure 6
Judiciary
Supreme court of justice
Department of institutional finance
Dollars
|
Source of funding
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Cumulative total
|
Strengthening of the CSJ Juvenile Justice Support Office
|
External fund
|
$39,231
|
$31,116
|
$16,221
|
$86,568
|
Juvenile courts (3 chambers and 20 judges)
|
General fund
|
$4,025,187*
|
$4,025,187
|
$4,348,689
|
$12,399,063
|
Family courts (3 chambers and 22 judges)
|
General fund
|
$6,066,432*
|
$6,066,432
|
$6,559,487
|
$18,692,351
|
Total:
|
|
$10,130,850
|
$10,122,735
|
$10,924,397
|
$31,177,982
|
*Estimate
- In
addition, the Ministry of Public Security has allocated substantial financial
resources to the prevention of juvenile delinquency,
as shown in the following
table.
Figure 7
Ministry of public security
In dollars
Programme and institution
|
Source of funding
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
National Anti-Drugs Commission
|
General fund
|
4,964.7
|
40,943.7
|
31,736.6
|
|
Donation from private enterprise
|
11,057.5
|
2,203.4
|
1,777.1
|
|
Donation from international organizations
|
5,669.8
|
|
|
General Directorate for Public Security
|
General fund
|
231,505.4
|
231,505.4
|
238,165.4
|
General Directorate for Prisons
|
General fund
|
16,644.0
|
11,234.7
|
9,154.2
|
General Directorate for Migration and Aliens
|
General fund
|
386.2
|
1,433.2
|
12,199.8
|
National Civil Police
|
General fund
|
|
|
|
|
Donation from international organizations
|
27,392.7
|
27,392.7
|
5,000.0
|
Total
|
|
297,620.3
|
314,713.2
|
298,033.1
|
Source: Financial units of the: National Anti-Drugs Commission,
General Directorate for Public Security; General Directorate for Prisons;
General Directorate for Migration and Aliens, National Civil Police.
F. International cooperation
- Over
the reporting period, ISNA formed strategic alliances by signing cooperation
agreements with international organizations such
as the International Labour
Organization (ILO), technical cooperation organization GTZ, the United Nations
Children’s Fund
(UNICEF), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),
the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the El
Salvador
International Plan and Save The Children, for implementing plans and programmes
at national level in the field of the promotion
and protection of child rights,
as provided for in the National Policy for the Full Development of Children and
Adolescents (PNDINA).
These include: a) implementation of child policy
with emphasis on eradicating child labour, covering 19 municipalities nationwide
where there is child
labour, carried out with funding and technical support from
ILO; b) the methodology school for training key players and for
establishing local connections in 27 municipalities, with funding and technical
support from UNICEF; c) the German GTZ foundation provided technical
support for research and the formulation of proposals for municipal development,
and
funding for local projects; and d) USAID, as part of the project
Initial Education from the Family (EDIFAM), supported the promotion and
implementation of the policy
by funding the design and reproduction of the
children’s version, and a number of social mobilization activities.
Furthermore,
the National Committee against Trafficking in Persons has
cooperation relations with the International Organisation for Migration
(IOM),
UNICEF, the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), ILO and the United Nations
High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), among
others, which provide support for
the various activities carried out.
G.
Information on programmes for caring for children in vulnerable groups
- ISNA
has the following main responsibilities: a) to promote the full
development of children’s personalities, taking account of the fundamental
rights and duties, and their
subjective needs, involving in that protection the
family, the community, the municipalities and the State; b) to
promote the participation of the community and society in solving problems
facing children and the family; c) to investigate threats to and
violations of child rights and any orphaned children; to investigate and assess
the situation of such
children, their families, and those aiming to offer them
protection in their homes, and to take any appropriate measures to protect
them
where they are found to be threatened, their rights violated or orphaned;
d) to devise prevention plans and programmes to protect children in the
home environment, and care programmes in State, municipal and
NGO centres, in
line with their personal circumstances and type; and e) to coordinate and
supervise the execution of programmes and to set up a register of children cared
for in such centres, establishments
or bodies.
- In
accordance with the responsibilities set out above, ISNA implemented the
following programmes during the reporting
period:
Figure 8
Programmes implemented by ISNA
Programme
|
Objectives
|
Brief description
|
Protection and specialist care for children and adolescents whose rights
have been violated or with special needs, and for their families
|
To restore violated or denied rights of children and adolescents and their
families to overcome the need arising out of the particular
issue or living
conditions at the time the right was violated and enforceable.
|
Temporary or permanent protection and comprehensive and specialist care
services are provided in Government or private centres for
child or adolescent
victims of commercial sexual exploitation, trade in persons, illegal
trafficking, child labour, sexual abuse,
abandonment, ill-treatment, addiction,
HIV, special skills and disaster victims; supporting the biological or extended
family or
family through marriage, by inter-institutional coordination and
catering for risk areas, working with civil society on guidance,
support and
information to help restore rights.
|
Care for the social integration of street children and adolescents
|
To provide a life project and return street children to their families,
thereby furthering a social and family rehabilitation process.
|
Children are offered reintegration alternatives and an alternative to the
street in a children’s centre where they receive a
model of social and
educational care designed specifically for young people living on the street.
|
Alternative measures and internment of young people in conflict with the
Juvenile Criminal Justice Act
|
Family and social reintegration of young people tried for criminal
misconduct or offences
|
It consists of implementing a framework programme under which young people
are offered re-education and vocational training to enable
them to rejoin
society once they have served their sentence.
|
Prevention of violation of rights by strengthening the family,
inter-institutional coordination and citizens’ participation
at national
and local level
|
To promote compliance with children’s and adolescents’ rights
by supporting municipal governments through setting up,
strengthening and
consolidating local protection networks, with a risk-prevention and/or social
damage focus, under the ISNA Act
and PNDINA’s lines of action.
|
It consists of coordinating with municipal councils, civil society and
government organizations the rights of children to implement
projects that
directly and specifically benefit children in the municipality, by means of
local diagnoses and work plans, child welfare
centres, full development centres
and initial care homes in connection with parent school support centres and
mediation centres.
|
Registration and assessment of ONGs, governmental organizations and private
bodies running children’s programmes
|
To oversee compliance with child rights in authorized institutions
registered with ISNA
|
Monitoring and assessment of working models applied by the various bodies
registered with ISNA, supervising the care, treatment and
legal circumstances of
children and adolescents benefiting under the programmes; recommending measures
or penalties where rights
are violated
|
- See
Annex III for ISNA’s geographical distribution nationwide.
- The
following tables show the age and gender distribution of children in
ISNA’s care.
Figure 9
Total population in ISNA care by gender (2004, 2005 and
2006)
Gender
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Children
|
%
|
Children
|
%
|
Children
|
%
|
Females
|
3,059
|
50.9%
|
3,517
|
52.4%
|
3,971
|
51%
|
Males
|
2,945
|
49.1%
|
3,197
|
47.6%
|
3,855
|
49%
|
Total
|
6,004
|
100%
|
6,714
|
100%
|
7,826
|
100%
|
Figure 10
Population in the care of the ISNA protection subsystem by
age group, (2004, 2005 and 2006)
Age group
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Children
|
%
|
Children
|
%
|
Children
|
%
|
Age 0 to 3
|
830
|
13.8%
|
816
|
12.2%
|
975
|
12%
|
Age 3 to 6
|
790
|
13.2%
|
771
|
11.5%
|
850
|
11%
|
Age 6 to 9
|
789
|
13.1%
|
902
|
13.4%
|
1,086
|
14%
|
Age 9 to 12
|
959
|
16.0%
|
1,076
|
16.0%
|
1,250
|
16%
|
Age 12 to 15
|
1,273
|
21.2%
|
1,526
|
22.7%
|
1,699
|
22%
|
Age 15 to 18
|
1,188
|
19.8%
|
1,491
|
22.2%
|
1,829
|
23%
|
Age 18 and over
|
175
|
2.9%
|
132
|
2.0%
|
137
|
2%
|
Total
|
6,004
|
100%
|
6,714
|
100%
|
7,826
|
100%
|
Source: ISNA’s Child Information System.
- In
2004 the Salvadoran Government set up the Youth Secretariat as an institution
reporting to the President of the Republic’s
Office, specializing in
promoting programmes for the rights of adolescents in the field of
participation, education, the right to
healthy relaxation, prevention of
violence, and rehabilitation.
- The
programmes implemented by this agency include:
- Izalco
Farm School: This is a voluntary rehabilitation hostel caring for ex-gang-member
single mothers and their minor and adolescent
children; it has been in operation
since March 2005;
- Juvenile
rescue centres: This is a rehabilitation centre caring for more than 80 former
gang members;
- Buscando
un Camino (Seeking a Path): This programme is being run in conjunction with
the private organization Fundación Salvador del Mundo (FUSALMO),
which
cares for 20 young glue-sniffers in the Centenary Park of the city of San
Salvador. The beneficiaries are offered psychological
rehabilitation, school
coaching, games and practice in giving up their habits;
- Recorrido
Participativo (Participation Course): This is a preventive health programme
for young people using information materials for stimulating group discussion.
It is being carried out in support of the National AIDS Commission and is
allocated $4,176 a year;
- Cine
Foro (Cinema Forum): These are training activities that stimulate discussion
and learning on themes affecting health development of young
people. It has a
budget of $4,000 a year;
- Health
Vacations: These are itinerant public activities offering the opportunity of
acquiring or improving knowledge of health, and
access to health services. This
programme has a budget of $5,000 a year;
- Parents’
School: These are television programmes produced by Canal 99 of the Francisco
Gavidia Private University and the Youth
Secretariat. This activity aims to
guide and educate parents and family members to help them mould
adolescents’ behaviour
by setting a good example. This activity has an
annual budget of $4,200;
- It
set up the “Youth Observatory”. The 2005-2015 National Plan covers
the installation of a monitoring system that supervises
and guarantees the
operational implementation of the proposed public policies. The monitoring
system is taking shape with the launch
of the Youth Observatory that has
quantitative and qualitative measuring tools, such as: the national youth
survey; the youth development
index; the human development report focusing on
young people; and the network of experts and researchers. It should be
emphasized
that the combination of the National Youth Plan, the
Inter-institutional System for Youth and the Youth Observatory provide the
country
with mechanisms for promoting full development of young people and
monitoring and assessing the results.
H.
Role of the independent national human rights institutions
with
competence for child rights
- Over
the reporting period there were no changes to the powers of the Office for the
Defence of Human Rights regarding the promotion
and protection of child rights
that were reported in the second periodic
report.[5]
I. Publicizing the
Convention
- El
Salvador has carried out many measures to publicize the content of the
Convention on the Rights of the Child, as described throughout
this report, and
the principal measures adopted to implement the Convention, also described
herein. For example, in 2006 ISNA carried
out 110 social mobilization
measures with a rights approach and promoting fundamental rights of children
nationwide, in coordination
with strategic partners, by means of activities such
as fairs, festivals and fora. These activities covered 21,000 children and
adolescents
in 2005, and 29,841 in 2006. The activities were carried out by
ISNA’s Department for the Promotion of the National Policy
for the full
Development of Children and Adolescents.
- ISNA
has promoted activities directly involving children and adolescents in
activities to promote their rights. It succeeded in increasing
direct
participation of beneficiaries from 23,000 in 2005 to 36,169 in 2006.
- ISNA’s
Annual Operational Plan includes dissemination activities in the form of
training lectures and workshops at ISNA centres
and shelter homes, and to ONGs.
Over the period 2004 to 2006 topics included nutritional assessment, diet and
nutrition, and the
preparation and handling of foods. Work with NGOs covered the
topics of inter-institutional cooperation for a community strategy,
preparation
of cases, full development of children, promotion of child rights, law and the
family, alternative discipline, legal
tools for protection centres, child
development using participative methods, therapy for sexual abuse, and a rights
approach to the
care of institutionalized children and adolescents. More than 30
NGOs working for child rights took part in these activities.
- The
above-mentioned activities enabled programmes to be conducted on awareness and
training in human rights and child rights, in coordination
and in cooperation
with various NGOs, but it has not yet proved possible to expand the
dissemination activities descried in the previous
country report in this
area.
III. General
principles
- The
concept and scope of the principle of the child’s best interests have not
been changed in Salvadoran law, enshrined in the
Family Code (Article 350),
which means that it retains the same guarantee structure, along with the
principle of equality and non-discrimination,
recognized and enacted in the
Constitution and the country’s secondary legislation, as notified to the
Committee in previous periodic reports.
IV.
Civil rights and participation rights
A. Freedom of expression; freedom of assembly and
association
- ISNA
has promoted the training of children and adolescents and their participation in
public activities designed to publicize and
defend child rights and fundamental
freedoms. Some 1,012 young people have been trained as volunteer promotion
agents, and children
and adolescents have been involved in joint projects
carried out with NGOs, such as the Movimiento de Jóvenes Encuentristas
de
Ilobasco (170 young people); Visión Mundial (5,644 young people);
INTERVIDA (600 young people); Plan Internacional El Salvador
(6,000 young
people); Polígono Industrial Don Bosco (83 young people); Fe y
Alegría (150 young people); Círculo
Solidario (300 young people);
Ayuda en Acción (200 young people); and Sistema de Asesoría y
Capacitación para
el Desarrollo Local (SACDEL) (300 young people). In
this way, 13,871 children and adolescents were involved in ISNA and NGO
participative
programmes over the period.
- In
line with Principle 10 of the PNDINA, on the participation of children and
adolescents in their own development, ISNA and several
NGOs have fostered the
setting-up of a number of bodies and have promoted some participative
programmes, including the following:
Figure
11
Name of association
|
Function
|
Jóvenes Encuentristas Ilobasco
|
Reduction of violence through recreation and integration into the labour
market
|
Visión Mundial
|
Promotion of rights and human development (prevention)
|
Casa Encuentro Juvenil, INTERVIDA
|
Use of leisure time: recreation, libraries, art and culture, sport,
ecology, sexual and reproductive health, life skills, cinema and
leadership.
|
Plan El Salvador
|
Participation in defence of child rights at community level
|
Polígono Industrial Don Bosco
|
Re-establishment of the rights of young people in conflict with criminal
law
|
Centro de educación para todos, Fe y Alegría
|
Social and educational prevention with a rights approach
|
Vicaría Divino Salvador training and coaching centre, Archbishopric
of San Salvador
|
Training of social role models for children and adolescents in a situation
of social risk.
|
ISNA volunteer promotion agents
|
Prevention and reduction of violence towards children and adolescents
through the promotion of rights and good parenting practice
in families
|
- The
aims of the National Youth Secretariat include fostering the involvement of
young people in public affairs as a strategy for making
citizens aware of their
rights and obligations. It has set up eight full development centres nationwide
with the aim of providing
young people with opportunities for vocational
training, remedial courses, access to information, culture, sport, leadership,
citizens’
participation, preventive health and volunteer work.
- The
Youth Secretariat is also implementing the Youth in the Park project, so as to
expand the range of options for healthy relaxation
and reactivation of areas for
recreation and youth cultural expression under the patronage of the municipal
governments. It also
aims to encourage young people to develop their skills in
the various branches of art and sport, motivating them to express them
in
public.
- The
Secretariat runs the following other programmes:
- Vacation
opportunities. This programme is carried out with the FUSALMO private
organization, the Ministry of Education, the National
Civil Police and the art
gallery, with the aim of giving young people opportunities to get involved,
during their vacations, in educational,
sporting, cultural, work and training
activities;
- Deportevías.
These are street sports programmes to repurpose public spaces for developing
sports activities. They are carried out in conjunction
with the National Sports
Institute (INDES), the National Council of Public Security and the
municipalities;
- Comprehensive
Presidential Football Programme. This programme is being carried in coordination
with the private foundation Educando a un Salvadoreño (Educating a
Salvadoran – FESA). The objective is to raise the quality of Salvadoran
football by training young talents in the
sport, offering them education in
athletics without neglecting aspects such as academic studies, health, diet and
training in values.
- Youth
camps. These take place with the support of the National Academy of Public
Security and the Ministry of National Defence, for
training leaders in fields
such as motivation, group management and stress management;
- Jóvenes
Solidarios: This is a union of youth organizations and volunteers interested
in supporting major common concerns.
V.
Family and other types of protection
A. Parental counselling and guidance and parental
responsibilities
- ISNA
has 203 Child Welfare Centres (CBI) and 15 Full Development Centres (CDI) in 117
of the country’s municipalities, plus
11 shelters and three re-education
centres for offenders. ISNA has implemented a permanent Parents’ School
programme in the
child welfare centres and full development centres. This
programme has covered 4,698 families and 8,354 children. In the re-education
centres for offenders, up to 50% of families – an average of 244 –
of 487 inmates attend these schools.
- The
multidisciplinary teams of the Family Tribunals have an education unit and run
guidance days on child rights and parental responsibilities.
The work carried
out is listed below.
Figure 12
Group guidance days. (2004-2006)
Activity/year
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Educational days for awareness of and guidance on rights and duties of
family members and users of Family Tribunals.
|
Working days
|
Attendance
|
Working days
|
Attendance
|
Working days
|
Attendance
|
Parents’ school
|
627
|
6,373
|
591
|
5,402
|
462
|
5845
|
Children
|
210
|
1,347
|
119
|
604
|
233
|
3,104
|
Adolescents
|
246
|
1,500
|
254
|
1,264
|
75
|
600
|
Families
|
|
|
24
|
53
|
223
|
645
|
Total
|
1,083
|
9,220
|
988
|
7,323
|
993
|
10,194
|
Publicizing rights and duties, regulated by the Family Code and the
Domestic Violence Act in institutions outside the tribunal.
|
Working days
|
Attendance
|
Working days
|
Attendance
|
Working days
|
Attendance
|
Elementary schools
|
374
|
23,282
|
219
|
13,781
|
290
|
15,540
|
High schools
|
29
|
1,961
|
34
|
2377
|
23
|
1638
|
Institutes
|
148
|
5,197
|
94
|
4,963
|
203
|
7194
|
University
|
15
|
665
|
5
|
168
|
7
|
169
|
Military barracks
|
22
|
1,170
|
10
|
597
|
22
|
653
|
Nurseries
|
16
|
839
|
12
|
484
|
7
|
299
|
Markets
|
2
|
91
|
2
|
170
|
2
|
265
|
Religious groups
|
5
|
432
|
2
|
39
|
26
|
814
|
Community groups
|
80
|
2,627
|
56
|
1,308
|
19
|
717
|
Health centres
|
17
|
586
|
25
|
997
|
14
|
518
|
Municipalities
|
17
|
455
|
8
|
302
|
8
|
176
|
NGOs
|
28
|
954
|
26
|
624
|
13
|
265
|
Other
|
73
|
4037
|
48
|
1892
|
29
|
898
|
Total
|
826
|
42,296
|
541
|
27,702
|
663
|
29,146
|
Source: Education Section, Department of Coordination of
Multidisciplinary Teams of the Family Tribunals.
- ISNA
has 11 centres or shelters caring for children separated from their family
environment for various reasons, such as: illegal
exit from or entry into the
country, ill-treatment, abuse, negligence, living on the street, abandonment,
sexual abuse, commercial
sexual exploitation, and trafficking in persons. When
ISAN takes in a child or adolescent, the following actions are carried out:
- Welcome
or reception of children by order of a government authority;
- Opening
of a dossier;
- Assessment
of physical condition;
- Psychosocial
approach and guidance;
- Temporary
hosting in the centre or shelter, depending on age and gender;
- Provision
of clothing, personal grooming accessories and feeding;
- Interview
to identify family background, nationality and circumstances;
- Arrangements
to involve the child in the activities of the centre or shelter.
- From
the legal standpoint, children are informed of their circumstances, that they
are under protection and not deprived of their
liberty or in detention, on
international arrangements for their repatriation (if they are foreigners), and
the average length of
stay in the establishment. The Public Prosecutor of the
Republic and the National Civil Police are notified in cases of violation
of
rights with criminal consequences. Children are interviewed, requesting the
presence of a representative of the Attorney-General
of the Republic. Where
appropriate, they are handed over to their parents or guardians, after assessing
and determining the proper
legal measure in accordance with the ISNA Act, and
they are discharged with or without follow-up. Where appropriate, formalities
are carried out for repatriation to their country of origin.
- The
children under ISNA’s responsibility are 51% boys and 49% girls. Eighty
per cent are from urban areas and 20 per cent are
from rural areas.
Figure 13
Age ranges of children in ISNA care
0 < 3
|
3 < 6
|
6 < 9
|
9 < 12
|
12 < 15
|
15 < 18
|
18 and over
|
Total
|
11.3%
|
8.9%
|
12.1%
|
16.1%
|
25.2%
|
25.7%
|
0.6%
|
100%
|
Source: ISNA
- The
number of children temporarily separated from their parents and under
ISNA’s institutional care is as
follows:
Figure 14
Measure applied
|
Admissions
|
Re-admissions
|
Total
|
No. of cases
|
%
|
No. of cases
|
%
|
No. of cases
|
%
|
Placed in institution
|
1,591
|
36.4%
|
429
|
70%
|
2,020
|
41%
|
Placed in institution for 30 days
|
244
|
5.6%
|
59
|
10%
|
303
|
6%
|
Total
|
4,369
|
100%
|
610
|
100%
|
4,979
|
100%
|
The remaining children making up 100 per cent were returned to their families
or communities.
Source: ISNA
B. Children temporarily separated from their parents by
non-criminal court rulings
- ISNA
offers protection for children temporarily separated from their parents by
non-criminal court rulings, and for breaches of criminal
law, broken down as
follows:
Figure 15
Children temporarily separated from their parents by
non-criminal court rulings
Ruling handed down by
|
Number of children
|
%
|
Family courts
|
282
|
6%
|
Other courts
|
36
|
1%
|
Total
|
4.979
|
100%
|
Figure 16
Children separated from their parents by juvenile criminal
court rulings
Population/age
|
Total inmates
|
Aged 18 and over
|
Aged under 18
|
Definitive male inmates
|
153
|
129
|
Definitive female inmates
|
8
|
5
|
Interim male inmates
|
19
|
154
|
Interim female inmates
|
2
|
17
|
Subtotal
|
182
|
305
|
Total, all centres
|
487
|
- Children
temporarily separated from their parents are housed in ISNA shelters and private
institutions authorized by ISNA, with the
following
breakdown.
Figure 17
Number of centres and shelters
Geographical area
|
Number of shelters
|
Approximate capacity
|
West
|
11
|
1,000
|
Centre and Paracentral
|
34
|
1,400
|
East
|
6
|
300
|
ISNA (nationwide)
|
11
|
1,200
|
Total
|
62
|
3,900
|
Source: ISNA
- In
2004-2006, public and private centres catered for more than 10,000 children, as
shown in the following table.
Figure 18
Population catered for in centres and shelters of ISNA and
NGOs
Institutions
|
Year
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
NGOs
|
2,520
|
2,464
|
2,765
|
ISNA
|
939
|
955
|
930
|
Total
|
3,459
|
3,419
|
3,695
|
Source: Child information system (SIPI) and reports of ISNA regional
branches.
- Children
not living with their families benefit from various programmes and services.
ISNA’s goal in this context is to ensure
that any child or adolescent
whose rights have been violated is offered immediate and full protection as
required, and involved in
a process of restitution of rights, giving priority to
the family alternative. They are offered all services, notably education,
health, board and lodging.
- Measures
adopted to mitigate the loss of the children’s family environment include
the use of foster homes, where an average
of 66 children are placed each year;
these are subject to periodic monitoring by ISNA. An average of 20 per cent of
children leave
the ISNA shelters, an average of 739 a year out of 3,695
institutionalized children.
- Regarding
the policy of reducing the number of children in public and private
institutions, and reducing the length of their stay,
ISNA has established a
measure to handle them in no more than 30 days. In terms of policy, the
decentralization of ISNA services
lays more emphasis on the community, where
community networks mobilize resources through the three regional branches and 10
local
offices.
C. Alimony payments
- Under
the Family Code, family courts have ordered alimony payments in more than 3,000
cases over the past three years.
Figure 19
Alimony granted for minors (2004-2006), broken down by
gender.
Family courts
|
Total
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Total
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
Total
|
3,049
|
1,522
|
1,527
|
484
|
468
|
508
|
564
|
530
|
495
|
D. Adoption
- In
accordance with article 21 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, in the
past three years priority has been given to the
adoption of children by
nationals, as ordered by Family Courts. The adoption process is highly
protective. The legal framework governing
adoption consists of the Family Code,
the Family Procedural Act, the Convention on the Protection of Children and
Co-operation in
Respect of Intercountry Adoption and the Convention on the
Rights of the Child.
- Adoption
consists of two phases: administrative and judicial. During the administrative
phase ISNA has to establish that the child
is eligible for adoption, and
together with the Office of the Attorney-General of the Republic (PGR) establish
that the foreigners
are eligible to adopt in El Salvador. The eligibility of
Salvadoran families to adopt is determined solely by the PGR. The latter
has set
up an assignment committee, responsible for selecting the family that will adopt
a child, once they have been established
as eligible. It falls to the
Attorney-General of the Republic to authorize the adoption and at that moment
the judicial phase begins
in which the judge orders the adoption. Domestic
adoptions have been given priority in recent years, through the use of foster
homes
as a protection measure, since 90 per cent of children in foster homes are
adopted by their carers. The formalities required by law
are carried out in the
Adoptions Office, by technical staff of ISNA and the PGR. In accordance with the
1993 Hague Convention, ISNA
and the PGR are the central authority for
adoptions.
Figure 20
Adoption of children, by origin of adopter
(2004-2006)
Family courts
|
Total
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Total
|
Salvadoran
|
Foreign
|
Salvadoran
|
Foreign
|
Salvadoran
|
Foreign
|
Salvadoran
|
Foreign
|
Total
|
1,924
|
1,637
|
287
|
461
|
77
|
511
|
82
|
665
|
128
|
E. Protection and assistance of children
- The
Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic’s mission is laid down in
the Constitution as the prosecution of crime. For the protection of child
victims of crime the Office also has a prevention function, carried out
by its
Multidisciplinary Support Unit, which aims to help prevent violence and
delinquency by conducting criminological studies and
implementating prevention
projects and programmes, such as the running of training workshops for
adolescent promoters of violence
prevention, the promotion of peace and dialogue
been generations and cultures.
- In
1992 the Unit for Offences against Minors and Women was set up within the Office
of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic with
the aim of concentrating on the
investigation of offences committed against children in the family and offences
against sexual freedom.
The Office is obliged to take the necessary measures for
the immediate protection of child victims and to prevent further violation
of
their rights as victims, always bearing in mind the child’s higher
interest. This unit has been extended nationwide to ensure
greater territorial
coverage.
- To
protect child victims of crime and their families, the Unit for Offences against
Minors and Women provides special assistance services,
including the following:
- Psychological
assistance, with a view to supporting victims of physical, psychological and
sexual violence, and their family members,
to reduce the short- and long-term
effects of the trauma;
- Counselling,
with the aim of seeking alternative care and protection for victims of physical,
sexual and psychological violence, based
on an investigation of the
victim’s social and family background, and through coordination with other
institutions involved
in protection of children and adolescents;
- Legal
assistance, involving follow-up of court proceedings for trying crimes. In the
case of adult defendants it begins with the presentation
of an indictment or
injunction in which requests may be submitted to the magistrate.
- Regarding
the judicial process, it is for the Office of the Attorney-General of the
Republic via the Minors’ Attorneys to act
as legal representative of
minors to prevent them being exposed and to safeguard the child’s rights
and higher interest in
the proceedings referred to above.
- The
aggrieved parties, including the victims or plaintiffs, are legally empowered to
take legal proceedings (lodge an appeal) in cases
of dismissal or definitive
discharge, and in case of provisional discharge or filing of the case, they may
request the legal proceedings
to be re-opened.
- In
cases of domestic violence it is essential for the victim to undergo a
psychological assessment in order to establish the emotional
effects caused by
the cycle of violence to which they have been subjected. The attorney concerned
will have to make an assessment
of the victim before taking part in legal
proceedings, and will have to provide psychological and social support,
especially in the
case of children and adolescent victims, offering them
psychological treatment or assistance at the attorney’s office.
- Legal
hearings and proceedings are generally public, but the court may order them to
be partially or totally private where required
for moral reasons, in the public
interest, or where child victims of crimes are taking part. Having regard to the
higher interests
of the child, the Code of Criminal Procedure states that where
the victim is under 18 years of age, he or she is entitled to facilities
for
testifying in informal and non-hostile environments, and their testimony is
recorded to facilitate its reproduction in public
where necessary. The law
states that the identity of minors and their families must not be
disclosed.
- The
law offers special protection to minors aged under 18, providing for harsher
sentences for crimes committed against them. The
Code of Criminal Procedure
provides that where the victim is a minor and has no parents or guardian, or
where the crime is committed
by a relative in the ascending line, the Office of
the Public Prosecutor of the Republic will press criminal charges for all
offences
subject to private prosecution.
- Having
regard to the higher interests of the child, the Office of the Public Prosecutor
of the Republic, through the Unit for Minors
and Women, is obliged to implement
mechanisms for protecting children, to prevent them becoming repeat victims.
These measures notably
include:
- Giving
evidence in advance of court proceedings;
- Not
exposing victims in court hearings, applying the Special Regime for the
Protection of Witnesses Act;
- Arranging
shelter for child victims where necessary;
- Arranging
NGO support;
- Guaranteeing
psychological and social care by the Institutional Multidisciplinary Team;
- Requesting
the immediate protection measures provided for in the Domestic Violence
Act.
- Criminal
courts (magistrate’s courts, preliminary investigation and trial courts)
have heard cases of crimes against minors,
with performance and processing over
the period 2004–2005 as set out in the following
tables:
Figure 21
Statistical data of all cases involving minor victims in
the 24 Magistrates Courts
equipped with the Case Monitoring
System
Magistrates Courts
|
Total
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Total
|
Age 0 to 5
|
Age 6 to 11
|
Age 12 to 15
|
Age 16 to 17
|
Total
|
Age 0 to 5
|
Age 6 to 11
|
Age 12 to 15
|
Age 16 to 17
|
Total
|
Age 0 to 5
|
Age 6 to 11
|
Age 12 to 15
|
Age 16 to 17
|
Total
|
1,870
|
575
|
63
|
136
|
197
|
179
|
700
|
84
|
130
|
200
|
286
|
595
|
53
|
154
|
188
|
200
|
Average per court
|
78
|
24
|
3
|
6
|
8
|
7
|
29
|
4
|
5
|
8
|
12
|
25
|
2
|
6
|
8
|
8
|
Figure 22
Statistical data of all cases involving minor victims in
the 24 Magistrates Courts equipped with the Case Monitoring System In
2006.
|
Magistrates Courts
|
Total
|
Case filed
|
Mediation authorized
|
Plea bargain
|
Declaration of fault
|
Discharge
|
Inadmissible
|
Incompetent
|
Absolute invalidity
|
Order for investigation with interim detention
|
Order for investigation with injunctive relief
|
Order for investigation with petition hearing
|
Order for investigation without inerim detention
|
Judicial pardon
|
Mediation period
|
Acquittal in fault proceedings
|
Conviction in fast-track procedure
|
Definitive discharge
|
Provisional discharge
|
Conditional suspension of proceedings
|
Total
|
583
|
1
|
54
|
1
|
3
|
19
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
128
|
53
|
1
|
54
|
2
|
3
|
1
|
3
|
99
|
144
|
12
|
Average per court
|
24
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
5
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
6
|
1
|
Figure 23
Statistical data of all cases involving minor victims in
the 30 Preliminary Investigation Courts
equipped with the Case
Monitoring System.
Preliminary investigation courts
|
Total
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Total
|
Age 0 to 5
|
Age 6 to 11
|
Age 12 to 15
|
Age 16 to 17
|
Total
|
Age 0 to 5
|
Age 6 to 11
|
Age 12 to 15
|
Age 16 to 17
|
Total
|
Age 0 to 5
|
Age 6 to 11
|
Age 12 to 15
|
Age 16 to 17
|
Total
|
1,883
|
671
|
78
|
206
|
228
|
159
|
651
|
76
|
161
|
234
|
180
|
561
|
49
|
147
|
234
|
131
|
Average per court
|
63
|
23
|
3
|
7
|
8
|
5
|
22
|
3
|
6
|
8
|
6
|
19
|
2
|
5
|
8
|
5
|
Figure 24
Statistical data of all cases involving minor victims in
the 30 preliminary investigation courts
equipped with the Case
Monitoring System in 2006.
Preliminary investigation courts
|
2006
|
Total
|
Proceedings in progress
|
Admission or rejection of evidence for public hearing
|
Trial proceedings
|
Provisional filing
|
Mediation authorized
|
Declaration of fault
|
Contempt of court
|
Incompetent
|
Ratifying injunctive relief
|
Revoking injunctive relief
|
Conviction in fast-track procedure
|
Conviction in fast-track procedure
|
Definitive discharge
|
Provisional discharge
|
Conditional suspension of proceedings
|
Total
|
561
|
263
|
1
|
170
|
1
|
21
|
1
|
12
|
5
|
1
|
1
|
6
|
1
|
26
|
38
|
14
|
Average per court
|
19
|
9
|
0
|
6
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
Figure 25
Statistical data of all cases involving minor victims in
the eight Trial Courts
equipped with the Case Monitoring
System.
Trial Courts
|
Total
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Total
|
Age 0 to 5
|
Age 6 to 11
|
Age 12 to 15
|
Age 16 to 17
|
Total
|
Age 0 to 5
|
Age 6 to 11
|
Age 12 to 15
|
Age 16 to 17
|
Total
|
Age 0 to 5
|
Age 6 to 11
|
Age 12 to 15
|
Age 16 to 17
|
Total
|
448
|
16
|
5
|
1
|
7
|
3
|
99
|
40
|
19
|
27
|
13
|
333
|
93
|
74
|
103
|
63
|
Average per court
|
56
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
12
|
5
|
2
|
3
|
2
|
42
|
12
|
9
|
13
|
8
|
Figure 26
Statistical data of all cases involving minor victims in
the 8 Trial Courts
equipped with the Case Monitoring System.
Trial Courts
|
Total 2004-2006
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Total
|
Acquittal
|
Conviction
|
Total
|
Acquittal
|
Conviction
|
Mixed verdict
|
Total
|
Acquittal
|
Conviction
|
Mixed verdict
|
Total
|
448
|
16
|
6
|
10
|
99
|
45
|
50
|
4
|
333
|
152
|
179
|
2
|
Average per court
|
56
|
2
|
1
|
1
|
12
|
6
|
6
|
1
|
42
|
19
|
22
|
0
|
F. Protection against domestic violence
- At
the request of the Network for Action Against Gender Violence in El Salvador,
the Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic,
along with a number of
government organizations and NGOs, set up a standing committee for the
protection of children against domestic
violence. In 2004, the committee drafted
a manual for the application of the Domestic Violence Act, which was circulated
to various
institutions nationwide, with a view to providing fast and effective
care for victims of domestic violence.
- Since
2004 the Office has been a member of a technical working party set up to draft
legislation for the Legislative Assembly Committee
on Women and the Family. That
Committee prepared a bill on the protection of victims of sexual abuse, domestic
violence and trafficking
in persons for the purposes of commercial sexual
exploitation, which is being considered for adoption by the legislative plenary.
Proposals have also been prepared for reforms of the Family Code to protect
women and children, which are also being considered in
the hope that they will
be approved by the Legislative Assembly.
- In
the field of awareness-raising and training, the Inter-institutional Committee
for the Prevention of and Care for Domestic Violence
has been in existence since
the year 2000, carrying out activities such as nationwide awareness-raising and
fairs to prevent violence,
in which it informs the pubic about the rights of
women, children and adolescents, and gender violence, its causes, and which
institutions
are competent in this area. This project is run by the Salvadoran
Institute for Women’s Development.
- Regarding
publicizing violence specifically against children and adolescents, in 2003 the
Working Party for the Eradication and Prevention
of and Protection of Children
from Commercial Sexual Exploitation was set up by the signature of a memorandum
of understanding by
fifteen institutions: the Legislative Assembly Committee on
the Family, Women and Children, the Office of the Public Prosecutor of
the
Republic, the National Council of the Judiviciary, the Ministry of Education,
the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare,
the Ministry of Employment and
Social Security, the Ministry of External Relations, the National Civil Police,
the Salvadoran Institute
for the Full Development of Children and Adolescents,
the Salvadoran Institute for the Development of Women, the National Coordination
Association for Salvadoran Women, the Employers’ Association for the
Development of the Communities of Morazán and San
Miguel, the Huellas
Foundation and the Network against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of
Children and Adolescents, in which they
undertook to work together in this area.
The working party has also drawn up a number of information documents on the
protection
of children against sexual exploitation, which were distributed
nationwide. It also drafted an inter-institutional action plan, which
is in
progress.
- By
means of forums designed for judicial operators and citizens in general, work
has also been done on awareness-raising in order
to foster a rejection of
violence against children and adolescents in various State sectors and society.
The Office of the Public
Prosecutor of the Republic has carried out an
awareness-raising project on the issue of commercial sexual exploitation, which
is
designed to provide information to the population on the role of men in the
prevention and eradicate sexual exploitation of children
and adolescents. The
Physical Training School is carrying out awareness-raising activities on the
commercial sexual exploitation
of children and adolescents, aimed at all public
prosecution staff nationwide.
- The
following tables give details of the treatment of cases of domestic violence
against children in the Salvadoran judicial system.
Figure 27
Statistical data on minors who are victims of domestic
violence in the country’s 22 family courts, during 2006
Family courts
|
Total
|
Total
|
Total by type of violence
|
Total by age range
|
Total by gender
|
Physical
|
Sexual
|
Psychological
|
Age 0 to 5
|
Age 6-11
|
Age 12-14
|
Age 15-17
|
Female
|
Male
|
Total
|
283
|
169
|
4
|
110
|
95
|
19
|
44
|
125
|
204
|
79
|
Figure 28
Statistical data on minors who are victims of domestic
violence in the country’s 22 family courts, during 2006
Family courts
|
Type of violence involving minors
|
Physical
|
Sexual
|
Psychological
|
Age 0 to 5
|
Age 6-11
|
Age 12-14
|
Age 15-17
|
Age 0 to 5
|
Age 6-11
|
Age 12-14
|
Age 15-17
|
Age 0 to 5
|
Age 6-11
|
Age 12-14
|
Age 15-17
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
Total
|
44
|
20
|
3
|
3
|
12
|
10
|
65
|
12
|
-
|
-
|
1
|
-
|
1
|
-
|
2
|
-
|
22
|
9
|
6
|
6
|
13
|
8
|
35
|
11
|
Figure 29
Statistical data of all cases involving minor victims of
domestic violence in the 24 Magistrates Courts
equipped with the Case
Monitoring System.
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
|
Total
|
Average per court
|
Total
|
Average per court
|
Total
|
Average per court
|
MAGISTRATES COURTS
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mediation authorized
|
1
|
0
|
6
|
0
|
12
|
1
|
Order for investigation with injunctive relief
|
|
|
3
|
0
|
4
|
0
|
Discharge
|
1
|
0
|
|
|
13
|
1
|
Order for investigation with petition hearing
|
|
|
|
|
2
|
0
|
Non-applicability of the anti-gang law
|
1
|
0
|
|
|
|
|
Order for investigation with interim detention
|
1
|
0
|
|
|
|
|
Order for investigation without interim detention
|
1
|
0
|
10
|
0
|
15
|
1
|
Definitive discharge
|
20
|
1
|
9
|
0
|
17
|
1
|
Provisional discharge
|
11
|
0
|
15
|
1
|
96
|
4
|
Conditional suspension of proceedings
|
3
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
Total
|
39
|
2
|
44
|
7
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total 2004-2006
|
345
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average per court
|
14
|
|
|
|
|
|
Figure 30
Statistical data of all cases involving minor victims of
domestic violence
in the 30 Preliminary investigation courts equipped
with the Case Monitoring System.
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
|
Total
|
Average per court
|
Total
|
Average per court
|
Total
|
Average per court
|
MAGISTRATES COURTS
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
8
|
0
|
9
|
0
|
14
|
0
|
Proceedings in progress
|
3
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
5
|
0
|
Trial proceedings
|
|
|
2
|
0
|
|
|
Mediation authorized
|
2
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
Incompetent
|
|
|
1
|
0
|
|
|
Contempt of court
|
|
|
|
|
3
|
0
|
Absolute invalidity
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
0
|
Conviction in fast-track procedure
|
1
|
0
|
|
|
|
|
Definitive discharge
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Provisional discharge
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
|
|
Conditional suspension of proceedings
|
|
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Total 2004-2006
|
31
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average per court
|
1
|
|
|
|
|
|
- The
Salvadoran Government’s National Policy on Women, implemented through the
Salvadoran Institute for the Development of Women
(ISDEMU), recognizes that
violence against women, in public and private spaces, manifests itself in the
unequal exercise of power
through the social establishment of gender differences
that place women at a disadvantage in relation to men, and over other vulnerable
groups such as children, adolescents and older and disabled persons. The State
of El Salvador has taken up the challenge of eliminating
these generic
socio-structural inequalities, which goes beyond mere legislative action and
consolidation of a safe infrastructure.
There is therefore a need for action to
change cultural models that place women at a disadvantage and leave them exposed
to gender
violence.
- This
policy includes the Family Relations Restoration Programme (PSRF), the
objectives of which include implementing ongoing educational
gender awareness
and prevention programmes on the issue of domestic violence, sexual assault and
child abuse, aimed at the population
at risk, in coordination with government
bodies, local governments, civil society and private enterprise. In this
context, a national
domestic violence prevention and care plan has been devised,
under which a number of publicity and awareness measures against violence
have
been carried out, including: publicity for the Domestic Violence Act, the
Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment
and Eradication of
Violence Against Women (Convention of Belem Do Para), the Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against Women, and the Convention on
the Rights of the Child, in activities aimed at staff of government institutions
and the judiciary,
schools, the armed forces, the National Civil Police, and the
general population. A total of 631 Prevention Fairs have also been
carried out
since 2004 in the country’s 14 departments, directly benefiting
160,744 people, and 803,720 indirectly.
Figure
31
Fairs against domestic violence
People taking part in fairs against domestic
violence
Year
|
Number of fairs
|
Women participants
|
Men participants
|
Total
|
2004
|
102
|
38,882
|
32,966
|
71,848
|
2005
|
463
|
30,699
|
23,019
|
53,718
|
2006
|
66
|
20,502
|
14,676
|
35,178
|
Total
|
631
|
90,083
|
70,661
|
160,744
|
Source: ISDEMU
- Since
2004, ISDEMU has been implementing group action agendas for child and adolescent
victims of domestic violence, child abuse and
commercial sexual exploitation of
children.
- The
PSRF has been carrying out sessions for students of national and private
schools, covering topics such as: child abuse, sexual
abuse, teenage
pregnancies, commercial sexual exploitation of children, human values and
trafficking in persons. Individual and group
psychology sessions are also being
conducted for children and adolescents with the aim of improving their mental
health and self-esteem.
Individual psychological care has been given to 4,900
children; and to a further 5,794 in group sessions; 8,294 underwent
psychological
monitoring.
- The
Salvadoran State, through the Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic
and the courts of justice, has continued to prosecute
sexual offences against
children and adolescents. See information on this in annex IV.
- Regarding
the protection of children involved in offences against family rights and
duties, the Minors’ and Women’s Unit
of the Office of the Public
Prosecutor of the Republic is responsible for taking criminal proceedings. In
caring for victims, the
Office provides legal, psychological and social
assistance, in some cases applying the protection measures provided for in the
Domestic
Violence Act. In performing this function, the Office acts on this
issue in constant coordination with government institutions such
as ISDEMU,
ISNA, the National Secretariat for the Family, the Institute of Forensic
Medicine, the Supreme Court of Justice and the
National Civil Police.
- Criminal
law recognizes several types of crimes in which paternal irresponsibility is
punished by imprisonment. See annex V for the
relevant legislation.
- The
Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic reports statistics on crimes
relating to family relations for the reporting period.
See annex VI for this
information.
- Regarding
child-abuse victims, in all cases handled by ISNA protection measures were
adopted in accordance with the ISNA Act, and
measures were also ordered for
those responsible for the children.
- ISDEMU
also cares for child victims of sexual assault and abuse. The following table
sets out the number and percentage of children
handled by ISDEMU in
2006.
Figure 32
Child victims of sexual assault and abuse treated by ISDEMU
(2006)
Age
|
Sexual assault
|
Child abuse
|
|
Female
|
Percentage
|
Male
|
Percentage
|
Female
|
Percentage
|
Male
|
Percentage
|
Total
|
0-1
|
1
|
0.16%
|
|
|
37
|
2.37%
|
18
|
1.31%
|
56
|
2-5
|
40
|
6.33%
|
23
|
24.21%
|
164
|
10.50%
|
147
|
10.74%
|
374
|
6-9
|
95
|
15.03%
|
39
|
41.05%
|
379
|
24.26%
|
423
|
30.90%
|
936
|
10-13
|
188
|
29.75%
|
23
|
24.21%
|
478
|
30.60%
|
490
|
35.79%
|
1179
|
14-17
|
308
|
48.73%
|
10
|
10.53%
|
504
|
32.27%
|
291
|
21.26%
|
1113
|
Total
|
632
|
|
95
|
|
1,562
|
|
1,369
|
|
3,658
|
Source: ISDEMU
- See
annex VII for the cases occurring in 2004-2005.
- ISDEMU
offers temporary shelter for women and their children who have suffered domestic
violence, sexual abuse and commercial sexual
exploitation. The temporary
protection goes hand in hand with psychological and social care, legal advice
and individual and group
support for women victims of domestic violence,
including the children.
Figure 33
Domestic violence victims sheltered by ISDEMU
(2004-2007)
Year
|
Women
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Total
|
2004
|
88
|
53
|
58
|
199
|
2005
|
54
|
30
|
95
|
179
|
2006
|
60
|
42
|
122
|
225
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
744
|
Source: ISDEMU
- See
annex VIII for the number of domestic violence victims handled by ISDEMU,
including children.
- ISDEMU
also has a line of action on training and awareness for key officials for care
and immediate action for victims of domestic
violence, including children.
National Civil Police officers have been given priority for taking part in these
activities.
Figure 34
National Civil Police officers taking part in domestic
violence training and awareness activities.
Year
|
Number of activities
|
Female
|
Male
|
Total
|
2004
|
111
|
3,654
|
3,064
|
6,718
|
2005
|
125
|
2,481
|
1,674
|
4,155
|
2006
|
130
|
2,346
|
1,660
|
4,006
|
Total
|
366
|
8,481
|
6,398
|
14,879
|
Source: ISDEMU
- Regarding
internment of children and adolescents, the ISNA Act states that placing them in
an institution or internment is an exceptional
protection measure of last
resort, enabling children to be placed in a shelter appropriate to their age,
personality and gender,
with the aim of carrying out studies, learning a craft
or trade, receiving specialist care for their rehabilitation, always ensuring
that they are fully protected. The fundamental criterion for deciding on the
internment of a child for their care, protection or
treatment, is a direct and
immediate threat to their life and personal integrity.
- ISNA
is the main institution responsible for sheltering children at risk, and for
supervising private agencies authorized to carry
out that function. To that end,
it has internal procedures for periodic examination and supervision of
internment conditions.
- Having
regard to the higher interests of interned children, ISNA has also established
coordination mechanisms with the Office of the
Public Prosecutor of the
Republic, the Office of the Attorney-General of the Republic, the National Civil
Police, family courts and
Magistrates courts, to supervise internment conditions
and facilitate the protection of children at risk. The Office of the National
Counsel for the Defence of Human Rights, as a part of the Attorney General's
Office, and as an independent State agency, also has
constitutional and legal
powers to supervise the human rights of children interned in public
institutions.
VI.
Basic health and well-being
A. Survival and development; nutrition
- Indicators
of undernourishment in children aged under 5 show that El Salvador, over the
past 15 years, has made considerable progress,
reflecting a substantial
improvement in the quality of children’s lives. However, these indicators
differ considerably according
to area of residence. The indicators show progress
on solving the problem, as the rate of 11.2% in 1991 fell to 10.3% in 2003, a
reduction of 0.9 points in 10 years, at an average rate of -0.09 points a year.
If El Salvador maintains this most recent rate it
may succeed in reducing the
global rate of severe and moderate undernourishment to 7.5% by 2010 in
accordance with 'A World Fit for
Children' targets (PA-MANA), and to 5.6% in
accordance with MDG 1.
Figure 35
Trend of undernourishment in children aged < 5,
1998-2003
15,2
11,2
11,8
10,3
30,0
23,2
23,3
18,9
2,5
1,5
1,1
1,4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1988
1993
1998
2003
%
Height/age
Weight/age
Weight/heigh
- See
annex IX for more information on undernourishment and anaemia.
- According
to the height census in school children (2000), 80.5% of children aged 6 to 9
are not underheight. Among the small percentage
that is underheight, the
proportion is 2.3 times higher in rural areas than in urban areas.
- The
analysis at municipal level indicates that most children are of adequate height.
However, of the country’s 262 municipalities,
there are nine in which over
40% are underheight, namely San Fernando in Chalatenango (50.6%), Mercedes La
Ceiba in Cuscatlán
(40.82%), California in Usulután (44%), San
Antonio del Mosco in San Miguel (46.64%), and in Morazán: Guatajiagua
(40.3%),
Arambala (41.3%), San Fernando (41.38%), Cacaotera (44.61%) and San
Simón (47.48%). The goal for the coming years is to bring
this municipal
percentage into line with progress nationwide.
- Undernourishment
results in or directly causes a high proportion of infant mortality.
Nevertheless, El Salvador has succeeded in reducing
the infant mortality rate
for children from 0 to 11 months – i.e. the number of children dying
under one year old per 1,000
live births – to 24. This half of the
2010 target for infant mortality (27.3) as that rate was achieved and exceeded
over the
period 1998-2002 at national
level.
Figure 36
Goal: Reduce infant mortality (MDG 4)
|
Infant mortality rate (0 to 11 months) – i.e. the number
of children dying under one year old per 1,000 live births
–
|
TARGET: Reduce it by one third (2010) (PA-MANA A, 1, 36 (a))
|
27.3
|
TARGET: Reduce it by two thirds (2015) (MDG 4)
|
13.7
|
- For
2006 the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare reports a rate even lower
than 12.75 per 1,000 live births. In this sense,
the country has also achieved
and exceeded the target of reducing this indicator by two thirds, so it is
reasonable to forecast that
the goal will be met
in 2015.
Figure 37
|
Infant mortality rate (age 1 to 4) – i.e. the number of
children dying aged between 1 and 4 per 1,000 live births –
|
TARGET: Reduce it by one third (2010) (PA-MANA A, 1, 36 (a))
|
8
|
TARGET: Reduce it by two thirds (2015) (MDG 4)
|
4
|
- The
2010 child mortality target (8) was achieved and exceeded at national level
during the period 1998-2002, with a rate of 6.
- Similarly,
the 2015 target is very likely to be achieved.
- See
annex X for the “Plus 5” Review of the Application of Commitments
under the “World Fit for Children” Plan
of Action (2002).
- Furthermore,
3.7% of children under five years old are overweight or obese. Overweight or
obesity is more prevalent in children under
two years old in households with a
high socio-economic level. Overweight and obesity affect 54.2% of women of
child-bearing age,
35.8% being overweight and 18.4% obese.
- According
to FESAL, for the years 2002-2003, 80.2% of the nation’s children aged
between 12 and 59 months were not amaemic,
while 19.8% were. The prevalence of
anaemia among children under five (12 to 59 months) means the proportion of
children in that
age range whose haemoglobin level indicates that they are
suffering from anaemia according to the criteria of the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention of the United States of America (Morbility and
Mortality Weekly Report - MMWR).
- By
geographical area at national level, prevalence of anaemia in children in rural
areas is 23.1%, while in urban areas it has been
reduced to 15.8%. The worst
affected group is children aged 6 to 24 months, with prevalences of 40% in
children aged 6 to 11 months.
Nutritional anaemia, caused mainly by iron
deficiency, is therefore still a public health and child development issue.
- El
Salvador aims to reduce anaemia to 12.6% in line with PA-NAMA targets, i.e. a
one-third reduction by 2010. If the pronounced downward
trend is maintained, it
is likely that the targets for 2010 and 2015 will be
met.
Figure 38
Prevalence of anaemia in children aged 6 to 59 months.
National total.
(FESAL 2002-2003)
- Over
the past five years the prevalence of anaemia (haemoglobin < 11mg/dl) in
non-pregnant women is 8.8%, while 80.2% of women
are not anaemic.
- Moreover,
anaemia in pregnant women, especially in the last three months show a
significant increase of 20.7% in relation to non-pregnant
women. At the end of
that period the prevalence of anaemia in pregnant women was 13.6%, compared with
86.4% of pregnant women who
do not suffer from
it.
Figure 39
Prevalence of anaemia in pregnant women by trimester.
National total.
(FESAL 2002-2003)
- Despite
progress made, control of this programme has a high priority as anaemia
increases the risk of maternal mortality, delayed
psycho-motor development in
children, reduces their learning capacity and school performance, and reduces
adults’ physical
strength and productivity at work.
- According
to the latest height census (SCENTES/2000), four departments and
66 municipalities in the country have been identified as
having a high
percentage of undernourishment, located mainly in the rural areas of the
country. It is important to prioritize the
geographical area to begin action in
these areas and concentrate efforts where they are most needed. See annex XI for
the second
school height census, 2000.
- Exclusive
breast-feeding is the best food for children during their first six months of
life, and is the cornerstone of nutritional
food security in the first two
years, protects maternal health, and has financial repercussions for the home.
- Exclusive
breast-feeding has increased by 8 percentage points in recent years, from 15.8%
to 24%, though it is still low, as only
2 out of 10 children under six months
are exclusively breastfed. Foods are introduced early, which means that if food
and nutrition
education is stepped up, mothers might not introduce other liquids
that they still regard as necessary for their
babies.[6]
Figure 40
Prevalence of exclusive breast-feeding in children under
nine months old.
National total. FESAL (2002-2003)
- See
annex XII for information on breast-feeding in El Salvador.
- For
the years 2002–2003, 24% of children nationwide aged 0 to 5 months were
exclusively breastfed.[7]
According to institutional records of the Ministry of Public Health and Social
Welfare, for 2006, a total of 105,397 children under
six months were exclusively
breastfed, the department of San Salvador reporting the highest number of
children (20,774).[8]
- In
1988, 36% of Salvadoran children under 5 had low levels of serum retinol.
Vitamin A deficiency is associated with infant mortality,
especially neonatal.
Vitamin A deficiency was a serious public health issue in El Salvador during the
1980s. The latest studies show
that only 5% of children under 5 have levels
below 10mg/dl. Successful implementation and maintaining strategies such as
supplementation
with megadoses of vitamin A, food fortification and nutritional
education have minimzed the problem in El Salvador.
- In
1990 the national prevalence of endemic goitre in school children was 24.8%,
with a higher proportion in rural areas. Recent studies
of iodine levels in the
urine of school children report that only 5.4% had levels below 10 micrograms
per decilitre, the largest
number of school children with this deficiency being
in the departmento of La Unión
(26.4%),[9] indicating that
iodized salt is reaching most Salvadoran households.
- Nutrition
campaigns are aimed at improving the circumstances of persons, families and
communities and ensuring proper physical and
emotional development. To carry out
nutrition campaigns, work was needed to intensify and focus a number of measures
designed for
the most vulnerable groups. Thus measures for early detection of
child undernourishment were stepped up; but where it was found it
was managed
and treated appropriately and comprehensively. Monitoring and continuous
assessment of the state of nutrition and its
constraints have also been stepped
up, thereby helping to meet the corresponding targets of the United Nations
Millennium Development
Goals.
- In
this context, based on a diagnosis and an analysis of the activities and costs
of current programmes, taking account of the priorities
of more vulnerable
groups and areas, we set out below the progress and achievements in nutrition.
It must be acknowledged that progress
has been satisfactory and sustained;
however, there are still some deficits in this field so lines of action have
been defined in
nutrition, giving priority to reducing short- and medium- term
nutritional problems.
- With
the aim of reducing nutritional risk and morbility and mortality during infancy
and early childhood, and improving breast-feeding
indicators, since 1992 the
Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare has been implementing the
promotion, protection and support
component for breast-feeding and food
supplements, by means of the following indicators:
- a) Baby-Friendly
Hospital Initiative (BFHI). This initiative takes as a reference the Innocenti
Declaration, adopted at the 45th World Health Assembly (1992). The
BFHI aims to reverse hospital practices that interfere with the successful start
of breast-feeding,
from birth and maintaining exclusive breast-feeding until the
sixth month of life. Of the country’s 30 hospitals, 23 are being
upgraded
and reaccredited, while five hospitals are being accredited.
- The
women- and child-friendly health centres initiative (USANYM). The Ministry of
Public Health and Social Welfare is promoting this
initiative, made official in
June 2004 and implemented in 367 health centres, with the objective of
strengthening and expanding activities
to protect, promote and support maternal
nutrition for infants during gestation, breastfeeding and infancy and early
childhood, through
the first level of care, with a view to increasing exclusive
breast-feeding up to six months of age and promoting appropriate introduction
of
other foods at that age, together with breast-feeding extending up to age two or
beyond. At community level, some 2000 health
promoters have been trained to put
across the key messages of this practice, and volunteer counsellors have been
trained, for which
technical standards were prepared.
- At
USANYM the Breast-Feeding and Food Supplements component is being implemented at
local and community levels, and nutritional care
is given to pregnant women and
breast-feeding mothers. At the same time, other processes are being carried out
to ensure that the
initiatives are sustainable, such as:
- Study
of the Bill on the Promotion, Protection and Support for Breast-Feeding;
- Study
of the setting-up of the National Committee for Breast-Feeding and Food
Supplements;
- Conducting
periodic (biannual) assessments on compliance with the Code on the marketing of
breast-milk substitutes and sharing its
results at national
level;
- Incorporation
of a breast-feeding and baby-food component in the Strategy for Comprehensive
Nutritional Care in the community (AIN-C),
and in the Strategy for Comprehensive
Care of Common Childhood Diseases (AEIPI), in health establishments and in the
community, implemented
by health promoters;
- Implementation
of a monitoring system in direct support of breast-feeding (MADLAC) in 23
Salvadoran hospitals with a maternity service;
- Strengthening
the technical capability of health personnel. In 2005, 141 technical advisers
were trained to implement the BFHI and
USANYM initiatives. In 2006 the first
national team of external assessors was certified, consisting of 35
professionals from the
Ministry of Health, the Salvadoran Social Security
Institute and NGOs (paediatricians, neonatologists, gynaecologists, doctors,
nutritionists,
nurses and educators), with the cooperation of UNICEF. All health
establishments have health personnel who offer advice on breast-feeding.
Nutrition teachers have also been included from the Universidad de El Salvador
and the Universidad Evangélica de El Salvador;
- DvDevelopment
of tools to monitor the initiatives (self-assessment of hospitals and health
centres), and questionnaires and consolidated
data of MADLAC information. The
BFHI, encouraged by WHO/UNICEF worldwide, is being implemented using the ten
steps to successful
breast-feeding. Twenty-three hospitals with maternity
services (i.e. 85% of the country’s hospitals) have been accredited and
monitored as baby-friendly.
- As
part of the approach for children’s nutritional prevention and protection,
the promotion and monitoring of growth has been
strengthened and sustained in
both public establishments and the community, using weight/age, height/age and
cephalic perimeter growth
charts, interpreting the growth trend for boys and
girls. This measure is being carried out in the 367 public establishments by
health
personnel and at community level by health promoters. To date there is a
total of 1,900 health promoters and specific supervisors
of trained promoters.
Nutritional supervision is also carried out at community level, twice a year on
all children under five in
rural areas using the weight/age index.
- The
following strategies have been implemented for extending coverage:
- Comprehensive
Nutritional Care in the Community (AIN). This is a community strategy for
promoting health and nutrition by monitoring
weight gain in pregnant women, and
children under two. The strategy fosters the promotion and development through
community participation,
and is carried out by volunteers, generally fathers or
mothers. Besides monitoring growth and supervising maternal and infant health,
the strategy provides nutritional education by means of nutritional advice by
volunteer advisors. Since 2002, 1,120 households were
covered in 150
municipalities, training 516 facilitators and 2,250 volunteer advisors. A total
of 16,000 children and 3,000 pregnant
women were handled with this strategy. The
strategy was supported by a number of private and cooperation bodies such as
INTERVIDA,
Canadian Cooperation - Project SAGYS, CALMA, FUSAL, PLAN, USAID, Save
the Children, Doctors of the World, among others;
- Comprehensive
care in rural health and nutrition centres (CRSN). These centres provide primary
health and nutrition care, stimulation
of development and initial education for
children aged two to five. There are 51 CRSNs located in marginal rural and
urban areas
of 34 municipalities. Some 63.9% of the centres are located in
municipalities with a high prevalence of underheight children. The
centres
handle an average of 35 children, covering a total of 1,785 children aged 2
to 5, by means of 153 nutrition promoters. Activities
are carried out to monitor
and control physical growth, micronutrient supplementation (vitamin A, iron and
zinc), delousing, vaccination,
supplementary food (lunch and two snacks), oral
health, nutritional health for parents, and initial education for
children;
- Nutritional
care plan for children, pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers in priority
municipalities. The Ministry of Public Health
and Social Welfare, with the
support of the Directorate of Food Welfare of the National Secretariat for the
Family (SNF), and the
World Food Programme, is implementing the nutritional care
plan for mothers and children under five in 62 municipalities selected
for
a high prevalence of underheight children. Under the plan a food supplement was
provided for an average of 53,000 direct beneficiaries,
including 44,000
children under 5, and 9,000 pregnant women and breast-feeding mothers. The
programme began in 2003 with 22 municipalities
in Ahuachapán, Sonsonate
and Santa Ana, departments selected on account of the coffee crisis. A budget of
$3.1 million, funded
by the World Food Programme (WFP), was allocated for food
purchases. Since November 2005, this programme has been providing a monthly
package of basic health and nutrition care and an individual food ration (rice,
oil, beans and maize), food supplement for children
and mothers
(CSB/vitamin-enriched cereal), and advice on food and nutrition. An average of
475 metric tonnes of food are distributed
each month.
- In
the nutritional food education component, communication strategies, educational
materials, guides and technical manuals were devised
to support nutritional
measures and programmes, including the following: Salvadoran family food guide;
Preventing anaemia; Iodized
salt; Vitamina A; Breast-feeding and food
supplements; Diet during pregnancy; Diet guide for adolescents and women of
child-bearing
age; Advice leaflets on Comprehensive Nutrition Care (AIN) in the
community; and provision of radio and television slots on health-
and
nutrition-related topics.
- The
food fortification programmes are a nationwide initiative, as it is a
responsibility of government, producers and consumers to
ensure that they are
maintained, and that they improve in quality and coverage for the benefit of the
health of the Salvadoran population.
These programmes include: supplementation
with micronutrients (vitamin A, iron plus folic acid and zinc). Vitamin A is
supplied to
four vulnerable population groups: babies under one year old,
children aged 1 to 4, children aged 5 to 9 and nursing mothers. In
2005 the
beneficiaries were 37,085 breast-feeding mothers. Iron supplements are given to
six population groups: pregnant women aged
10 to 19, pregnant women aged 20 to
49, nursing mothers aged 10 to 19, nursing mothers aged 20-49, women of
child-bearing age aged
10 to 19 and women of child-bearing age aged 20 to 49. In
2005, 427,745 women of child-bearing age benefited, i.e. 20% received iron
supplements. Zinc supplements are given to a population group (children aged 1
to 4), with treatment of 60 ml a year and therapeutic
doses to treat diarrhoea.
Thirty-six per cent of the total population, or 251,472 beneficiaries, received
this supplement in 2005.
Iodized oil is administered in therapeutic doses to
children diagnosed as deficient in iodine.
Figure
41
Estimated coverage of the supplementation programme
Vitamin A
|
|
Under 1 year old
|
Aged 1 to 4
|
Aged 5 to 9
|
Nursing mothers
|
Dose
|
1st
|
2nd
|
3rd
|
1st
|
2nd
|
Single dose
|
Single dose
|
|
81,440
|
60,359
|
45,862
|
121,313
|
109,735
|
103,783
|
37,085
|
|
95,768
|
95,768
|
95,768
|
558,453
|
558,453
|
619,380
|
--**
|
Estimated coverage
|
85%
|
63%
|
48%
|
22%
|
20%
|
16%
|
--
|
FESAL 02/3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ZINC: 60 ml bottle
|
|
IRON: 60 ml syrup bottle (25/1 ml)
|
Aged 1 to 4
|
|
|
6-11 months
|
1-4 years
|
|
Single dose
|
|
Beneficiaries
|
112,952
|
340,529
|
Beneficiaries
|
251,472
|
|
Total population
|
--**
|
558,453
|
Total population
|
558,453
|
|
Coverage
|
--
|
60.9%
|
Coverage
|
45%
|
|
FESAL 02/3
|
28.7%
|
66.4%
|
- The
supplementation programme implemented the following
initiatives:
- Fortification
of salt with iodine. By
law,[14] industrially
produced and packaged salt must be fortified with iodine. This programme is
implemented using administrative standards
and procedures, and monitoring plans
for pre-mixing, in salt packaging and production plants. Within the
programme’s quality
assurance system, food samples are analysed in
households each year, with national representativity to corroborate that the
level
of fortification in households is in line with standards. Also, nationwide
assessments of iodine excretion in the urine are conducted
every four years on
school children under 12 to establish the impact of iodized salt fortification.
The variables investigated are:
gender, age, origin, department, municipality,
repeat of school year, salt brand, presence of iodine in
salt[15] and iodine levels in
urine;[16]
- The
third study conducted in 2004 covered 87 schools, and a total of 1,280 urine
samples were collected. The results reported that
the population’s average
level of iodine in their urine was 20 micrograms of I/dl, an increase in
relation to the value reported
in the studies conducted in 1996-97 and the year
2000. Levels for 94.6% of the school children in the study were at least 10
micrograms/dl,
showing that the iodized salt programme has had an impact on the
population and that school children consume iodine in their daily
diet. Since
1995 the iodized salt programme has had a communication strategy which comprises
a variety of educational and audiovisual
materials, covering the mass media:
radio, press and television;
- Fortification
of sugar with vitamina A.[17]
The programme began in 1990 thanks to support from the Japanese Government
through the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare,
and succeeded in
fortifying some 2.5 million quintals of sugar for domestic consumption. The
family health survey conducted in the
country reports that vitamin A deficiency
in the country had fallen to less than 5% in children under five. Since 1996 the
programme
of sugar fortified with vitamin A has had a communication strategy
that promotes the importance of vitamin A;
- Fortification
of wheat flour with iron, folic acid and B-complex vitamins. Fortification of
wheat flour was reactivated in the 1990s.
While the wheat flour fortification
programme has a good coverage, children under two and women of child-bearing age
still suffer
from anaemia. All flour fortified for consumption is subject to the
monitoring programme in mills, shops or stores and homes to check
the level of
fortification. A communication strategy for preventing anaemia has been in place
since 2003;
- Fortification
of processed corn flour with iron, folic acid and B-complex vitamins.
In 2003 processed corn flour was successfully
fortified with iron, folic
acid and B-complex vitamins, such as niacin, thyamin and
riboflavin,[18] as
consumption is higher in the country. This measure follows those already
implemented for combating anaemia in El Salvador; in
this case, efforts have
been made at community level to promote women’s rural agro-industries by
setting up bakeries.
- To
upgrade nutritional care for the population with nutritional complaints,
technical documents have been drafted for handling patients
who are
hospitalized, and in some cases outpatients, such as the clinical care handbook
for children with severe malnutrition in
hospitals and the nutritional care
handbook for handling persons living with
HIV/AIDS.
B. Disabled children
- The
issue of educational care for persons with diabilities or special educational
needs is governed by the
Constitution[19] and
secondary legislation. The Constitution requires the State to organize the
educational system and set up special educational institutions and services. It
also states that
citizens have the right and duty to receive nursery and
elementary education, and provides that special education, like nursery and
elementary education, is to be free of charge when provided by the State. The
premises of the Constitution are expanded in the General Education
Act,[20] and together they
establish the objectives of special education the responsibilities of the
Ministry of Education. Furthermore, El
Salvador is a State party to the
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities approved in March 2007 by
the United Nations
General Assembly.
- Also,
in the year 2000 the Equal Opportunities for the Disabled Act was approved, with
the National Council for Comprehensive Care
of Disabled Persons (CONAIPD) as
governing body for implementation. This body coordinates all the measures and
endeavours to foster
compliance with obligations regarding the rights of
disabled children, checking and supervising the operation of the institutions
working with that segment of the population.
- CONAIPD
promotes programmes designed to raise society’s awareness of the rights of
the disabled in general, working with the
mass media on the proper image of
disabled persons, by promoting the competition “A Better Press for the
Disabled”, in
which the press, radio and television take part in drafting
media pieces or news items that can promote respect of the rights of
this
population group in various areas, such as education, timely prevention and
detection, non-discrimination, sport and leisure.
It thereby contributes to the
general public awareness of social inclusion of disabled children, and the
disabled population throughout
its development. It also helps to publicize
issues for preventing disabilities and proper care; activities include the
science day
“Progress on preventing blindness through timely diagnosis and
treatment of retinopathy of prematurity”, that took place
in February 2007
for doctors and authorities of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare.
- The
CONAIPD infrastructure unit coordinates with local authorities, builders’
associations and the media, to promote compliance
with accessibility regulations
in architecture, urban development, transport and communications. The
regulations lay down guidelines
for all public and private buildings, including
schools, setting out the technical details to enable barriers to be removed and
give
students with physical and sensory disabilities a properly adapted learning
environment. The institution also promotes the right
to education of disabled
children and adolescents, in the family and to the general public, via the mass
media. This programme involved
Italian cooperation and the Ministry of Education
to promote an inclusive education project, at the República de
Haití
school in Sonsonate, which is to be a model inclusion school to
serve as an example to the whole country.
- In
2004 blind and visually impaired children were officially included in the
regular education system from third grade. This success
came about as a result
of joint work in the inter-institutional committee on the process of reform to
cater for the blind and visually
impaired in education.
- Since
2004 CONAIPD has been running a contest in coordination with the Ministry of
Education to promote inclusive education. It consists
of a contest between
normal public educational establishments with the aim of fostering creative
teaching strategies in classrooms
where there are children with disabilities,
and a change of attitude in favour of inclusive education.
- The
Salvadoran Institute for the Rehabilitation of Invalids
(ISRI)[21] is a specialist
body providing care and rehabilitation services for users with physical and
mental limitations, catering for disabled
children in its centres. ISRI’s
total budget has been increased over the reporting period as follows: 2004:
$11,746,760; 2005:
$12,033,720; and 2006: $12,928,120. The budget allocated to
the ISRI Care Centres for 2007 is as
follows:
Figure 42
Salvadoran Institute For Rehabilitation Of Invalids
Care centre
|
Assets 2007
|
Wages and salaries 2007
|
Total general fund 2007
|
Own resources 2007
|
2007
|
Rehabilitation centre for the blind
|
$44,505.00
|
$405,730.00
|
$450,235.00
|
$10,415.00
|
$460,650.00
|
Centre for the locomotor system
|
$20,230.00
|
$879,750.00
|
$899,980.00
|
$148,340.00
|
$1,048,320.00
|
Hearing and language centre
|
$2,885.00
|
$479,770.00
|
$482,655.00
|
$70,000.00
|
$552,655.00
|
Rehabilitation centre for children and adolescents
|
$20,230.00
|
$911,410.00
|
$931,640.00
|
$91,995.00
|
$1,023,635.00
|
Western comprehensive rehabilitation centre
|
$8,095.00
|
$490,075.00
|
$498,170.00
|
$57,370.00
|
$555,540.00
|
Eastern comprehensive rehabilitation centre
|
$16,185.00
|
$478,620.00
|
$494,805.00
|
$64,930.00
|
$559,735.00
|
Professional rehabilitation centre
|
$20,230.00
|
$292,760.00
|
$312,990.00
|
$14,030.00
|
$327,020.00
|
Outpatient consultation unit
|
$25,440.00
|
$314,100.00
|
$339,540.00
|
$20,020.00
|
$359,560.00
|
Total, all centres
|
$157,800.00
|
$4,252,215.00
|
$4,410,015.00
|
$477,100.00
|
$4,887,115.00
|
- The
budget allocated to the care centres has been increased over the reporting
period. See annex XIII in this respect.
- There
is as yet no census in El Salvador of the precise number of children with
disabilities, but the governing body for disabilities
has started to take steps
with a view to taking a census purely of disabilities.
- ISRI
cares for children with disabilities that are physical (cerebral palsy), mental
(mental retardation, Down syndrome, autism) and
sensory (blindness and
deafness). In the case of mental retardation, the children range from 0 to 30
years in age (chronological
age). In 2006 it catered for 7,001 boys and 5,207
girls.
- ISRI
provides services for disabled children in the various care centres. In the
Eastern and Western Rehabilitation Centres, at the
Rehabilitation Centre for
Children and Adolescents
(CRINA) and at the Centre for the Locomotor System,
the population is treated according to the speciality of the professionals
attending
them, under the following programmes:
- Physical
therapy: early stimulation, sensory motor programme, hydrotherapy, hypotherapy
and preparation of adaptations;
- Occupacional
therapy: sensory motor programme and preparation of
adaptations;
- Language
therapy: programme for developing motor skills (movements for articulation);
language acquisition and development programme;
articulation programme; aphasia
programme; and alternative communication programme;
- Educational
therapy: regular education programme; mature student programme; calculation and
attention; verbal comprehension; and preparation;
- Special
education programme: socialization; multisensory education; and everyday
activities;
- Music
therapy;
- Adaptative
therapy;
- Support
services;
- Psychology:
psychological assessments; individual counselling for parents; individual
psychotherapy for parents; parents’ school;
- Social
work: education and instruction programme for family groups; and educational
recreation visits;
- Construction
of special chairs at the Locomotor System Centre (CAL), Eastern Comprehensive
Education Centre (CRIOR), and Western Comprehensive
Education Centre
(CRIO).
- The
Locomotor System Centre (CAL) and the Hearing and Language Centre (CALE) cater
for users with a variety of disabilities, whether
neurological disorders,
skeletal muscle, joint disorders or congenital deformities, or language and
speech problems.
- The
Eugenia de Dueñas Rehabilitation Centre for the Blind caters for blind
and partially sighted users. The service provided
covers a wide variety of
measures in the functional rehabilitation process for children with visual
impairment, whether congenital
or acquired.
- ISNA
also accommodates and cares for 63
boys[22] and 46
girls[23] with disabilities.
ISNA is running the following care programmes for disabled
children:
- Psycho-social
care: social and psychological care, income assessment, case monitoring, home
visits, individual and group work;
- School
programme: The ISNA Special Education Centre currently has three teachers, one
on the morning shift and two in the afternoon,
and the study curriculum is based
on the syllabuses established by the Ministry of Education. In addition, the
benefiting children
take part in Special Olympics in the athletics and swimming
categories.
- Health
programme: the centre receives support from the Ministry of Health with doctors
from the San Martín Health Centre. A
general practitioner comes twice a
week, while a psychiatrist helps to monitor cases twice a week. Dental care is
provided on Saturdays
and Sundays at the San Martín Health Centre. The
Special Education Centre has a floor nurse, who controls the dispensing of
drugs
and visits the various homes, attends to emergencies, coordinates with health
centres, checks the drugs register and makes
referrals to
hospitals;
- Physiotherapy:
The ISNA Special Education Centre has two physiotherapists; a gymnasium area for
treatments; and a programme with continuous
monitoring providing individual and
group physiotherapy, coordinating physiotherapy activities with the
Teletón Pro Rehabilitation
Foundation (FUNTER), an agency providing
technical support;
- Workshops:
the Centre has
handicraft,[24]
needlework[25] and baking
workshops.[26]
- The
Fund for the Protection of those Maimed and Disabled as a result of Armed
Conflict was set up to provide care to maimed and disabled
ex-combattant
Salvadorans of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) and
the armed forces, and the families of
those killed in action: disabled parents
and children, older parents and children under 18, as well as children under 18
dependent
on maimed and disabled persons supported by the fund.
- Services
to which beneficiaries of the institution are entitled include the following:
a) Financial and additional benefits (pensions, compensation,
travel allowances, funeral expenses and handover to surviving children);
b) Benefits in kind (prostheses, orthoses, drugs and other rehabilitation
aids);
c) Stays in medical, surgical, hospital, dental, laboratory and mental health
services and reintegration into working and productive
life.
- The
Fund currently pays benefits to the following child
population:
Figure 43
Child population receiving payments from the Fund for the
Protection
of those Maimed and Disabled as a Result of Armed Conflict
(2006)
Type
|
Girls
|
Boys
|
Children with treated disability
|
30
|
71
|
Children of deceased disabled persons
|
155
|
183
|
Non-disabled minor children of deceased combattants
|
151
|
145
|
Disabled minor children of deceased combattants
|
33
|
50
|
Total
|
369
|
449
|
Source: Fund for the Protection of those Maimed and Disabled as a
Result of Armed Conflict.
- The
Fund for the Protection of those Maimed and Disabled as a Result of Armed
Conflict caters not only for adults mained or disabled
as a direct result of
armed conflict, but also for children under 18 who lost their family support for
the same reasons.
Figure 44
Contribution of the Salvadoran Government from April 1995 to April
2006
|
158,085,541.93
|
Institutional budget for 2006
|
14,479,350.00
|
Total population of beneficiaries from April 1995 to April 2006
|
30,577
|
- These
beneficiaries include orphaned minors with the following
breakdown:
Figure 45
Total orphaned minors cared for by the Fund
|
7,124
|
Figure 46
Minor children of deceased combattants
|
6,783
|
Invalid children of deceased combattants
|
81
|
Children of maimed persons who died receiving benefits from the Fund
|
260
|
- The
State’s efforts to care for disabled children are supplemented by private
agencies that are supervised by the State.
Figure
47
Disabled children cared for by private agencies
Agency
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
El Progreso Vocational Training Centre
|
30
|
7
|
Faraway Special Friends Club Foundation
|
55
|
62
|
Salvadoran Association of Friends and Parents of Exceptional Down Children
|
37
|
7
|
Abandoned Disabled Children’s Home. Hermano Pedro Foundation
|
67
|
73
|
Total
|
189
|
149
|
- The
following are noteworthy among the programmes being implemented by private
agencies:
- El
Progreso Vocational Training Centre. Cares for persons with mental retardation
and Down syndrome, with a chronological age between
five and forty years. It
was set up and is administered by the Association of Parents of Mentally
Retraded Persons, and carries
out the following activities: vocational training
under the protected workshop system; recreational-educational activities;
support
for the parents and other family members of disabled children;
specialist care for disabled children while the parents are at work;
promotion
of non-discrimination in families, community participation, inclusion in the
community, and accesiblity in public transport
and communications;
- Roberto
Callejas Montalvo Cerebral Palsy Home. It offers day-care activities for
children, adolescents and adults with cerebral palsy
and other physical
disabilities. This home carries out artistic, manual and craft and industrial
production activities; it promotes
educational interaction and awareness with
the family; and implements the Basic Community Rehabilitation Programme in the
Municipality
of Santo Tomás, where it raises awareness in the community
and promotes early detection and care for disabilities.
- The
Hellen Keller Foundation. Provides services for training deaf children and
adolescents in numeracy; it offers literacy for the
deaf and children suffering
from Down Syndrome and promotes the educational support classroom;
- Faraway
Special Friends Club Foundation Handles mental retardation and physical and
sensory disabilities in persons varying in chronological
age from 4 to 35 years.
It runs a sheltered workshop for manual activities in fabric and wood, clay and
painting; it runs a distance-learning
programme, with material support from the
Ministry of Education (MINED); and promotes and monitors educational integration
of children;
- Salvadoran
Association of Friends and Parents of Exceptional Down Children The Association
provides educational services for nursery
school and first grade for children
and adolescents with Down Syndrome. It provides backup for everyday life
activities, psychomotor
activities, manual skills workshops, language therapy,
sport, dance, and has the support of a nutritionist;
- Hermano
Pedro Foundation Home for Abandoned Disabled Children. It provides basic health
care and rehabilitation for children with
various disabilities in some areas. It
cares for persons of chronological age 0 to 47 with cerebral palsy, mental
retardation, autism
and hydrocephalus.
- In
addition, from 2004 to 2006 the Fundación Teletón Pro-
Rehabilitación (FUNTER) cared for 4,678 children.
- The
Equal Opportunties for the Disabled
Act[27] offers education for
persons with special educational needs, from the perspective of their right to
an education based on an appropriate
methodology that facilitates their
learning, a right that encompasses their training and working and professional
rehabilitation,
to be cared for by appropriate staff for their comprehensive
rehabilitation and to have access to the system of scholarships.
- The
Act refers to the State’s obligation to recognize the principles of equal
educational opportunities for all disabled persons,
and to ensure that their
education is integrated into the main system. The Act also allows for the
possibility of the persons mentioned
being integrated into the regular education
system and requires educational establishments to have appropriate support
services and
accessibility.[28] The Act
also covers State responsibility for fostering training of human resources to
cater for demand for special education, also
providing for persons with special
educational needs to access centres with appropriate resources. It provides a
legal guarantee
of the right of parents or heads of family to take part in the
organization and assessment of educational services for persons with
special
educational needs.
- The
implementing regulation for the Equal Opportunties for the Disabled
Act[29] approaches the
subject based on the “equal opportunities” concept and the
responsibility of the Ministry of Education
for compliance (article 34).
- The
regulation sets out the basic measures that MINED must promote in the following
areas: increasing coverage, setting a minimum
target of one integration school
per municipality; adapting curricula and classrooms for special education;
providing information
on special educational needs; training, coaching and
retraining of teaching staff; provision of appropriate teaching resources,
technology
and support for special education; guaranteeing access to the formal
education system (including university) for persons with special
educational
needs; and guaranteeing the right of disabled persons to access the national
educational grants system.
- Article
36 of the Regulation sets out the strategies that the Ministry of Education must
promote in special education regarding diversity,
education integration,
specialist services and awareness. The article stresses MINED’s
responsibility for providing support
services, training teaching staff and
supplying materials and equipment for special education.
- Article
37 highlights the need for any educational programme for persons with special
educational needs to involve institutions, teachers,
the education community,
parents or heads of family and society in general. The article lays emphasis on
ensuring that parents or
guardians of disabled children take part in School
Councils.
- In
order to put this whole legal framework in place, MINED has implemented measures
through the National Education Plan 2021 in line
with the political measures
laid down for the education sector in the equal opportunities policy for
disabled persons. For instance,
there are Educational Support Classrooms which
offer psychoeducational support for students with specific learning difficulties
and
support for the process of integrating disabled students. They are located
in urban and rural areas of the countries, based on demand
from the school.
There are 563 educational support classrooms, 163 in rural areas, serving a
total of 25,810 students in rural areas
with special educational needs, whether
or not associated with a disability.
- Integration
Schools are regular educational establishments which, after undergoing a process
of awareness-raising, training and technical
assistance, include disabled
students in the school classrooms, where they take part in all the activities
organized by the educational
establishment. There are 550 Integration Schools
nationwide; 103 of them in rural areas.
- The
State has special education schools, which are educational establishments
catering for the moderately or severely mentally disabled
population. Although
they are located in urban areas, students come from both urban and rural
backgrounds; there is a heading in
the funds transferred to the school for
supporting the transport of students from rural areas.
Figure 48
Children at special public schools by department and type
of disability
Department
|
Blind
|
Visually impaired (non-functional
residual vision)
|
Deaf
|
Hearing impairment
|
Down syndrome
|
Mentally retarded
|
Motor problems
|
Missing limbs
|
Total
|
Ahuachapán
|
14
|
388
|
111
|
45
|
2
|
64
|
102
|
20
|
746
|
Santa Ana
|
16
|
574
|
50
|
45
|
14
|
117
|
214
|
21
|
1,051
|
Sonsonate
|
13
|
368
|
123
|
47
|
12
|
93
|
142
|
22
|
820
|
Chalatenango
|
14
|
470
|
51
|
16
|
10
|
116
|
117
|
14
|
808
|
La Libertad
|
44
|
551
|
110
|
41
|
15
|
119
|
184
|
22
|
1,086
|
San Salvador
|
101
|
1,466
|
333
|
114
|
51
|
777
|
507
|
63
|
3,412
|
Cuscatlán
|
6
|
246
|
32
|
19
|
10
|
59
|
79
|
17
|
468
|
La Paz
|
22
|
360
|
71
|
30
|
10
|
69
|
154
|
24
|
740
|
Cabañas
|
11
|
165
|
33
|
6
|
9
|
42
|
56
|
6
|
328
|
San Vicente
|
5
|
241
|
38
|
8
|
10
|
67
|
83
|
14
|
466
|
Usulután
|
8
|
295
|
100
|
30
|
31
|
192
|
184
|
18
|
858
|
San Miguel
|
13
|
442
|
123
|
34
|
18
|
124
|
189
|
27
|
970
|
Morazán
|
9
|
203
|
47
|
13
|
16
|
107
|
64
|
8
|
467
|
La Unión
|
9
|
213
|
35
|
8
|
11
|
81
|
85
|
12
|
454
|
Total
|
285
|
5,982
|
1,257
|
456
|
219
|
2,027
|
2,160
|
288
|
12,674
|
Source: Enrolment census 2006. MINED
- Special
education has been offered for more than 60 years in El Salvador. Educational
for the disabled has generally been a major
challenge, not only for reasons
related to the educational environment but also mainly on account of factors
linked to the country’s
social and cultural environment, notably the
following: failure to identify disability at an early stage; social myths about
disability;
low expectations of the disabled population; scattered demand for
educational services, making it difficult to open specialist services;
and a
general lack of knowledge about disability in society. These reasons have made
it harder to tackle the situation, mainly in
rural areas; however, efforts are
being made to provide the disabled population with educational services in both
regular schools
and specialist services, as required.
- The
plans implemented by MINED for caring for disabled children also include
measures to support teachers in catering effectively
for persons with special
educational needs. MINED has devised and given courses for school teachers
specializing in caring for children
who are deaf or blind or suffer from mental
retardation, and devised Catering for Diversity Modules for regular teachers.
Efforts
have also been made to increase the provision of support and teaching
materials for the visually impaired, for example by providing:
specialist school
and classroom libraries for 30 special education schools and five schools
for the deaf; basic specialist material
for 152 blind students catered for by
various means in the system; Perkins machines for the blind for 10 rural
educational establishments;
and flexible education offers to ensure access for
hearing-impaired and blind students to literacy clubs for the deaf and the
blind;
distance learning and proficiency exams.
- The
policy and regulations for special educational needs were drafted with four
strategic lines in mind: administrative organization,
provision of educational
services, professional care for special educational needs, and participation and
awareness-raising. These
strategic lines aim to stimulate the national education
system by determining responsibilities at central, departmental and local
levels; diversifying the provision of educational services; promoting ongoing
training of the professionals involved, and guiding,
promoting and publicizing
the schooling process of disabled students. It is important to stress the
leading role of regular educational
establishments and the guiding role of
special education schools.
- The
structure of the MINED Special Education Unit was redesigned in order to broaden
the scope of action when catering for the education
of disabled students from
central level. In this new context the Department for Special Educational Needs
was set up, with two levels
of coordination: support for students and guidance
and resources for diversity. Both levels aim to ensure that the approach for
catering
for diversity can permeate throughout the entire education system.
- In
particular, Student Support Coordination is the body responsible for designing,
implementing and providing specialist curricular
and teaching support resources,
to guarantee access to the curriculum for students with special educational
needs, with or without
disabilities or outstanding skills, in the regular
education system. Meanwhile, Guidance and Resources for Diversity Coordination
is responsible for devising educational strategies and resources to offer
guidance to teachers on educational responses for catering
for diversity and to
parents of students undergoing prevention and assessment processes. The
preliminary data obtained from the Enrolment
Census 2006 reveal more than 12,000
disabled children in the various facilities offered by the system: special
education schools,
regular schools, literacy clubs for the deaf and the blind,
distance learning, being served and supported in the regular educational
establishments that they are attending.
- Regarding
teacher training, under the “skilled and motivated teachers”
educational policy of the Department of Professional
Teacher Development of the
Ministry of Education, four specialist courses for the level of elementary
education are being run in
the fields of mental retardation, hearing impairment,
learning difficulties and emotional problems. Furthermore, the Department is
taking part in the revision of the language and mathematics modules for the
network of institutions in the Comprendo programme, with
a view to ensuring that
they incorporate an approach catering for diversity.
- The
redisign of regulatory tools for the various areas of care for disabled children
is at a very advanced stage. The tools –
all known as manuals –
involved in the updating process are: the educational psychology service,
service for the deaf, education
support classroom and special education
school.
- All
the measures described above are covered by the Presidential Equality for All
programme, a part of the National Education Plan
2021, which aims to guarantee
education for students with special educational needs, with or without
disabilities.
C. Health and health
services
- Furthermore,
health care for children is still a priority for the State of El Salvador and it
contiues to earmark funds for it, as
the following table
shows.
Figure 49
Department of health service planning
Health information unit
Cost of child care, 2004, 2005, 2006
Dollars
Costs of hospital child care
|
Costs of primary-level child care
|
Year
|
Child check-ups
|
Child morbidity
|
Child check-ups
|
Child morbidity
|
Production
|
Unit cost
|
Production
|
Unit cost
|
Production
|
Total cost
|
Unit cost
|
Production
|
Total cost
|
Unit cost
|
2004
|
208,486.00
|
14.80
|
2,217,023.00
|
15.40
|
1,133,296.25
|
4,576,183.23
|
4.30
|
2,080,574.36
|
9,709,485.21
|
4.64
|
2005
|
155,627.00
|
14.56
|
2,255,782.00
|
17.24
|
1,064,602.14
|
6,123,168.19
|
5.98
|
2,029,929.94
|
12,005,318.17
|
5.43
|
2006
|
Scrubbed data not yet available
|
1,070,643.05
|
5,343,550.75
|
4.99
|
2,037,613.71
|
10,070,190.69
|
4.94
|
Source: Management Information System, 2004-2006
- There
was a reduction in the proportion of households with no access to piped drinking
water, whether via a connection to the home
or an easily accessible public
source,[30] and the country
is nearing compliance with the following
goals:
Figure 50
GOAL: reduce by one third (2010) (PA-MANA A, 1, 36 (d))
|
30.7%
|
GOAL: reduce by half (2015) (MDG 7)
|
23.0%
|
- Between
1991 and 2005 the proportion of households without access was reduced from
46.06% to 31.92%, a decrease of 14.17 percentage
points, at an average rate of
0.94 points a year. If this overall rate is maintained it is highly likely that
the country will achieve
the goals for 2010 and
2015.[31]
- Between
1991 and 2005 the proportion of households without access to main drainage, a
septic tank or earth closet was reduced from
24.16% to 10.12%, a decrease of
14.04 percentage points, at an average rate of 0.94 points a year, which shows
that the goal for
2010 (16.11%) has already been achieved and exceeded at
national level.[32]
- The
Salvadoran Government has set up a Health Solidarity Fund (Fosalud), with a view
to raising, collecting, and distributing financial
resources to improve public
health care. Over the 2005 and 2006 financial years, Fosalud paid out the
fololowing amounts for children.
Figure 51
Health Solidarity Fund
Expenditure on children
Tax years 2005 and 2006
Thousand dollars
Description
|
2005
|
2006
|
Expenditure on children 1/
|
4,136.1
|
13,876.2
|
Number of health centres
|
66.0
|
105.0
|
Percentage contribution to total expenditure
|
80.0
|
66.2
|
1/ in 2006 cover was given for: purchase of vaccines for rotavirus, dengue
prevention, development of the Maternal and Infant Health
Programme on the
islands of Jiquilisco Bay and at the San Julián Maternal and Infant
Nutrition Centre.
- Families
in the poorest municipalities of El Salvador represent major challenges which
are the basis for the “Solidarity Network”,
which since 2004
includes the component of front-line combat against poverty as a part of the
Presidential “Opportunities”
Programme, which works with sympathizer
members, participating municipalities, NGOs, the international community,
private enterprise,
and work coordinated by the government ministry.
- The
Solidarity Network tackles extreme poverty in rural areas and in the
municipalities that have been identified as most lacking
basic services. These
are families which, besides having no income, have no access to basic services
such as energy, roads, water
or health. The Solidarity Network transfers money
to every houshold that is in severe extreme poverty, on two conditions: that the
children go to school, and that babies and their mothers undergo nutritional and
health check-ups.
- The
important thing is to provide a basic platform to rescue them from the extremely
fragile conditions in which they live. Later,
they are provided with tools so
that they can progress through work and effort, giving priority to health care
and education for
their children. Most poor households are run by a woman.
Solidarity Network aims to comply with the United Nations Millennium Development
Goals for the year 2015, and advocates transforming the poverty map of this
country, building a viable and sustainable environment,
with chances to develop
in an environment of new opportunities.
- Solidarity
Network’s vouchers are already supporting more than 48,000 families in
47 municipalities, 32 of severe extreme poverty
and 15 of high extreme
poverty, and it had paid out more than $10 million nationwide up to the end of
2007. For 2008, the Network will be extended, with education and health
vouchers for 30 new municipalities in high extreme poverty, thereby completing
coverage of 77 municipalities.
- Note
that in the 32 municipalities in severe extreme poverty where the Network
operates, there have been signs of an increase in health
checks, including
ante-natal check-ups, check-ups on babies under one year old and puerperal
check-ups. Enrolments have also increased
in these 32 municipalities, 23% in
nursery school, 6% in first cycle and 9% in second cycle.
- The
Programme’s main achievements by theme up to December 2007
include:
a) Theme 1: Family solidarity network
- Action
in 47 municipalities in severe and high extreme poverty;
- 87,326
homes surveyed;
- 48,659
beneficiary families and $10.7 million handed out in health and education
vouchers to severe and high extreme poverty municipalities.
- More
than 48,000 parents trained in topics such as child health and
nutrition, child rights, domestic violence and healthy
housing.
b) Theme 2: Basic services network
- $32.4
million of investment in basic social infrastructure in 47 municipalities
in severe and high extreme poverty, benefiting some 446,447 people
(FISDL);
- 105
Effective Schooling Networks implemented by MINED;
- 83
municipalities served by the MSPAS Health Services Coverage Extension
Programme;
c) Theme 3: Family sustainability network
- 28,416
families benefit under production projects implemented by the Ministry of
Agriculture and Livestock (MAG), in September 2007;
- 7,047
microloans provided through the Multisectoral Inverstment Bank (BMI) in
municipalities covered by the Programme. These microloans
totalled $12.2 million
at September 2007.
- Solidarity
Network operates in three stages:
- Immediately
changing living conditions;
- Expanding
opportunities to access basic services such as water and
education;
- Changing
the economic enviroment and helping people to find a sustainable source of
income and family development, especially when
the woman is alone in the home,
with no support from the father.
- Around
$50 million a year will be invested in each one. The funds will come from four
sources: appropriations from the various participating
ministries; international
cooperation, loans from international bodies; and a specific heading of the
national budget. The goal is
to support 100,000 families in extreme poverty over
the next four years, at a cost of $200 million.
- The
programme will invest directly in extremely poor households, regardless of their
location or the religion or ideology they embrace.
- The
general objective is to bring about a comprehensive improvement in the living
conditions of families living in extreme poverty,
focusing on rural areas,
expanding their opportunities and providing the necessary resources, by
improving the network of basic services,
programmes of production development
and microloans, to boost their capabilities to take advantage of these
opportunities and improve
the quality of their personal, family and community
life.
- The
specific objectives are as follows:
- to
improve the incomes of families in extreme poverty, helping to eradicate hunger
and linking it to the basic health and education
systems;
- to
improve rural health and nutrition conditions, giving priority to preventive
care for mothers and infants;
- to
improve the conditions of rural families – especially mothers – in
extreme poverty by means of training and support
measures;
- to
improve the education of the school-age population – under 15 – from
nursery school to sixth grade in rural areas;
- to
foster gender, ethnic and age equality, by the active participation of women and
men in all the network’s activities, and
the implementation of
gender-equality training in various environments to improve conditions and
relationships in families and communities;
- to
improve the provision of basic services in health, nutrition programmes and
elementary education;
- to
improve basic social infrastructure – drinking water and sanitation, and
strategic infrastructure – for access to services
through comprehensive
and coordinated action with those sectors;
- to
improve the population’s legal security, by legalizing the place of
residence and personal identity documentation;
- to
provide tools to enable the home to be financially sustainable, through
production projects, job-skills training and
micro-loans.
D. Social security
- Within
its benefits system the Salvadoran Social Security Institute (ISSS) has a number
of programmes aiming to ensure comprehensive
health for its contributors and
beneficiaries, such as: comprehensive care for women; nutrition, family
planning; HIV/AIDS; child
care; immunization; older persons; health development
and promotion; and occupational health. Besides health services, the plan
includes
monetary benefits by way of subsidies for temporary incapacity,
pensions for occupational accidents and funeral expenses in the event
of the
death of the contributor.
- According
to ISSS sources over the period 2004-2006, these programmes benefited a total of
1,895,890 workers and 786,377 children
between the ages of 6 and 12, broken down
as follows. In 2004 the programme benefited 612,190 workers and 213,274 children
aged between
6 and 12. In 2005 the programme benefited a total of 633,752
workers and 256,557 children aged between 6 and 12. In 2006 the programme
benefited a total of 649,948 workers and 316,546 children aged between 6 and
12.
- Over
the reporting period, the ISSS spent more than $33 million on caring for
children of insured beneficiaries.
Figure
52
Salvadoran social security institute
Institutional finance unit
Budget department
Cost-control section
Cost of caring for children of insured beneficiaries 2004
to 2006 and january to may 2007
Description
|
Summary
|
Grand total in US
dollars
|
2004
|
Amount in US dollars
|
2005
|
Amount in US dollars
|
2006
|
Amount in US dollars
|
January to May 2007
|
Amount in US dollars
|
Spending on programme for
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vaccines
|
|
N.A.
|
|
683,000.00
|
|
1,100,000.00
|
|
362,000.00
|
1,462,000.00
|
Consultations
|
542,375
|
4,593,871.35
|
886,952
|
7,285,827.00
|
894,726
|
7,348,318.22
|
332,002
|
2,739,158.90
|
21,967,175.47
|
X-ray examinations
|
43,893
|
558,955.12
|
44,248
|
586,285.70
|
51,300
|
679,735.85
|
22,201
|
304,967.21
|
2,129,943.88
|
Drugs
|
|
1,225,767.50
|
|
2,004,511.52
|
|
2,022,080.76
|
|
750,324.52
|
6,002,684.30
|
Laboratory tests
|
127,330
|
414,030.61
|
154,416
|
500,222.08
|
172,737
|
564,631.01
|
69,246
|
229,360.84
|
1,708,244.54
|
Total
|
|
6,792,624.58
|
|
11,059,846.30
|
|
11,714,765.84
|
|
4,385,811.47
|
33,270,048.19
|
Source: Actuarial and Statistics Department, Cost-Control Section
Health preventon
N.B.: Medical care for children of insured beneficiaries which in 1989
covered ages 0 to 2 has been extended. It now covers the 0
to 12 year age
range.
- Note
also that in order to help improve health care for children of workers, the ISSS
has been extending the age range for which they
may benefit from medical and
hospital services, at no additional cost to workers with dependent minor
children. Accordingly, in the
first stage children under 2 years of age were
included; subsequently, over the period 1993-1996 cover was extended to children
aged
2 to 6, and in September 2004, cover for children aged 6 to 12 was
approved. The total number of children covered is currently 278,000,
about
92,000 of whom are in the 6 to 12 age group. By the end of the year it is hoped
to cover a total of 316,000 children, 131,000
of whom would be in the 6 to 12
age group (the goal is to cover some 211,000 children in that age group).
- The
benefits of medical care for children under 12 of entitled workers include:
specialist paediatric consultations, drugs, laboratory
services, access to
preventive utrition and vaccination programmes, and low-complexity emergency
treatment in hospitals and medical
centres as defined
above.
E. HIV/AIDS
- Regarding
HIV/AIDS, the State has made efforts to care for the infected population, and
has implemented campaigns to prevent the disease.
The following graph
illustrates cases of HIV/AIDS detected by age group over the period
1991-2005.
Figure 53
Cases of HIV/AIDS by age group (1991–2005)
Cases
- As
the chart shows, the highest number of cases of HIV/AIDS was recorded in the
2534 age group; however, the level is significantly
higher in the 15-39 age
group, which means that the highest incidence of cases in Salvadoran society is
still concentrated in economically
productive individuals.
- The
following chart illustrates cases of HIV/AIDS detected by category of
transmission over the period 1991-2005.
Figure
54
Cases of HIV/AIDS by category of transmission
(1991–2005)
Sexual transmission
|
Unknown
|
Vertical transmission
|
Intravenous drugs
|
Blood transfusion
|
- Over
the period studied, sexual transmission (heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual)
was the main type of exposure, accounting for
85% (13,876) of all forms of
transmission. Vertical (mother-child) transmission accounts for 7%.
- According
to the National STD/HIV/AIDS Control and Prevention
Programme,[33] the annual
rate of incidence gradually increased up to 2003, for both HIV (seropositives)
and cases of AIDS. This rate grew especially
from the year 2000, at an average
of 765 new cases of HIV and 779 of AIDS a year, which may be the result of
improvements in the
epidemiological monitoring system and greater availability
of free HIV testing nationwide, although it might also indicate a sustained
– and more recently more acute – increase in the level of risk in
the country.[34]
- However,
it is important to mention that from 2003 and 2004, national efforts have
succeeded in reducing the rate of incidence of
HIV by 3 percentage points, from
20 in 2004 to 17.3 in 2005; the rate of AIDS was also reduced from 10.2 in 2004
to 6.2 in 2005.
Therefore, if the current dynamic continues, the country can
probably hold the disease in check.
- One
of the major achievements in combating HIV/AIDS in the country is the reduction
of cases of HIV and AIDS in babies under one year
old up to 2005, down from 92
in the year 2000 to 20 in
2005.[35]
1. National action to prevent mother-to-child transmission of
HIV
- Mother-to-child
transmission of HIV accounts for over 90% of infections in children under 15
worldwide. In El Salvador significant
progress has been made using a strategy of
national action to prevent HIV infection by mother-to-child transmission.
- This
national action to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV began in 2001, as
a priority in the National STD/HIV/AIDS work
programme of the Ministry of Public
Health and Social Welfare (MSPAS), and consists of the four main phases: a)
research, b) training,
c) supply, d) monitoring and assessment.
- The
main activities and tasks of the previous phases were as follows:
- Training
of key players (health personnel and midwives);
- Free
and voluntary testing nationwide for pregnant women, with counselling before and
after HIV testing;
- Incentive
through provision of baby clothing for pregnant women undergoing testing for
detecting HIV antibodies;
- Prophylactic
anti-retroviral treatment for HIV-positive pregnant women (with AZT, Niverapine
or triple therapy schemes);
- Elective
caesarean for HIV-positive pregnant women;
- Counselling
on infant nutrition;
- Provision
of breastmilk substitutes for HIV-positive mothers, consisting of eight tins of
milk a year;
- Monitoring
of children of HIV-positive mothers at the Centre of Excellence for
Immunodeficient Children;
- Inclusion
in the Basic Food Hamper Programme, to foster continuation of the
treatment.
- From
2003, voluntary and free HIV testing has been offered to all pregnant women
nationwide, together with an promotion item of baby
clothing as an incentive for
taking the HIV test; similarly, the Ministry of Health offers seropositive
pregnant women specialist
ante-natal care, counselling, administration of
antiretroviral drugs, safe birthing care, post-natal care and the necessary food
(breastmilk substitutes) free of charge for proper feeding and nutrition of the
child up the age of 18 months.
- In
the year 2000 the clinic for immunodeficient children opened at the
Benjamín Bloom National Children’s Hospital, and
a significant
increase in the number of new infections was recorded, due mainly to the work
carried out on active detection of new
cases and comprehensive management
offered to that population, with a subsequent strengthening of the
“Initiative for the Prevention
of Mother-to-Child Transmission of
HIV-AIDS” at national level through the National Programme with the taking
of free tests
nationwide in health centres equipped with a laboratory,
associated with training of all operational levels of the Ministry of Health:
Public and Social Assistance and an intense educational campaign on the
media.
- The
success of the measure was clearly seen from 2004, when there were more than
100 cases of children infected with HIV a year, whereas
over the past three
years there were fewer than 20 cases a year, thanks to the prevention and
comprehensive care measures put in
place.
- The
most outstanding achievements of National Action for the Prevention of
Mother-to-Child Transmission include:
- An
88% reduction in the number of cases of children born with HIV;
- A 60%
reduction in the level of HIV/AIDS positivity during pregnancy, from 0.33% in
2002 to 0.08% in 2006;
- An
increase of over 100% in the number of HIV tests carried out from 2001 to
2006;
- Decentralization
and extension of cover of third-level care centres for the prevention programme,
from one hospital in 2001 to 13
centres in 2006.
2.
Information, Communication and Education Strategy
- In
the field of education, a number of strategies have been promoted to prevent HIV
transmission, with the aim of reducing new infections
among the population.
Using these strategies a number of different messages have been designed that
encourage people to adopt the
various ways of preventing infection, and provide
information on the ways in which HIV can and cannot be transmitted.
- Note
that ignorance of the ways in which HIV is transmitted is a determining factor
for stigma and discrimination in various environments
such as the family, the
community, the workplace and health establishments.
- Information,
education and communication (IEC) programmes have reached all spheres through
the use of various channels of the mass
media, interpersonal and group
communication media. The media have played a determining role in recent years,
by contributing to
the whole process of involving this profession in
awareness-raising education campaigns about HIV/AIDS. As part of this process,
the “Journalism Prize” strategy is being implemented, that rewards
publications and reports on AIDS on radio, in the
press and on television.
- To
support all the measures set out above, various printed materials have been
designed (leaflets, flyers, brochures, posters and
flipcharts that focus on the
prevention message). The various educational campaigns are also based on
epidemiology, which identifies
the target groups for our action, thereby
avoiding increased numbers of cases in groups such as adolescents, homosexual
males, sex
workers, pregnant women and the general population.
3. “Decide to Wait” campaign
- The
increase in pregnancies and HIV infections among adolescents, where the risks
make this group more vulnerable, has prompted a
number of measures in this
group, which was broken up into two main segments, adolescents aged 10-12 in
4th to 6th grade and those aged 12-19. This situation
indicates that delaying the start of sexual relations among adolescents is a
100% safe
alternative for preventing HIV/AIDS in this group.
- The
campaign is an initiative of the National STD/HIV/AIDS Programme of the Ministry
of Health and Social Welfare, in coordination
with the “Education for
Life” programme which is the fruit of the combined efforts of the Health
Ministry, the National
Secretariat for the Family and the Ministry of Education.
All this was made possible by the support and coordination of the Pan-American
Health Organization (PAHO) and private enterprise.
- The
main goal of the campaign is to make adolescents think about responsible
sexuality; the slogan “Decide to Wait” is
a phrase that covers many
questions, and which at the same time sends a clear message to adolescents about
postponing the start of
sexual relations. We believe that that message needs to
be strengthened, so as to make a positive change towards responsible behaviour
on the part of young Salvadorans. Furthermore, adolescents learn about other
prevention options and are educated to reduce the stigma
and discrimination
against persons living with or affected by HIV/AIDS.
- One
of the campaigns promoted during 2005 offers a response to the challenges raised
by the FESAL study in 2005 which, on the basis
of the 2002-2003 national family
health survey, indicated the perception of personal risk of catching HIV, and
the stigma and discrimination
that infected persons can experience. This
campaign was carried out in two stages, the first, called “Win the Battle
against
AIDS”, aims to reduce the situations of risk among the population.
While the second, “Unite against Discrimination”,
is designed to
reduce levels of stigma and discrimination against persons living with HIV. The
exposure of both campaigns in the
mass media was the largest investment in the
country’s history in HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns, costing more than one
million
dollars.
4. “Win the Battle Against AIDS”
education campaign
- This
campaign comes in response to the increase in cases among the country’s
young population, and disseminates images in various
environments where young
people spend their daily lives; the central messages are directed at a proper
perception of the risk of
HIV and recommending effective means of prevention
against the epidemic, such as delaying the first sexual relations, mutual
fidelity
among couples, and thoughtful self-control in a healthy and responsible
sex life.
- Messages
were spread by placing them on street billboards, in public transport buses, and
in places most frequented by these groups,
such as cinemas, restaurants and
bars, with a launch in September 2005 by the Ministry of Health through the
National HIV/AIDS Programme
with the support of the National Aids Commision
(Conasida) and private enterprise.
5. Education campaigns for
high-risk groups and the general public
- During
the various publicity campaigns under the National STD/HIV/AIDS Programme,
campaigns were run aimed at high-risk groups such
as homosexual men, sex workers
and the general public, for which a variety of educational materials about the
disease were prepared,
laying emphasis on specific aspects such as the means of
transmission and prevention, and ways of preventing transmission.
- These
groups were also received in health establishments for interviews, educational
talks and counselling. At the same time, monthly
meetings were held with groups
of sex workers who were given guidance on looking after their own health, sexual
health topics and
HIV/AIDS.
- Like
other campaigns of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare, this one
was backed up using mobile testing units for detecting
HIV antibodies, which
travel to various places in order to offer this service wherever
required.
6. Solidarity garden
- As
a tribute to those who have died of AIDS and as a wake-up call to the general
public on the importance of HIV prevention, a “Solidarity
Garden”
was built. This commemorative garden is designed with paths, green spaces and
sunlight, covering a total area of 2,500
metres, to send the message “we
human beings move along the path of life recognizing that we must show
solidarity with persons
living with HIV”; they are also human beings who
hope to live a normal and harmonious life.
- The
National AIDS Commission (Conasida) was the driving force behind this project,
which was the main action in the country to commemorate
World AIDS Day, held on
1 December each year all over the world, with the aim of recognizing
progress in the fight against the epidemic,
and drawing attention to the
remaining challenges.
- In
2007 the central theme was “Stop AIDS. Keep the promise”, a
pledge to be shared with anyone concerned to help from a personal standpoint,
through leadership. This personal pledge
consists of stepping up measures for
prevention, treatment and care for HIV with support and dignity.
- Note
that the epidemiological report, up to December 2007, shows that important
progress has been made against AIDS in El Salvador,
thanks to a significant
improvement in political commitment, coordination between institutions through
Conasida with public policies
and a unified plan, to ensure effective
prevention, HIV/AIDS treatment, detection tests, and technical advice, along
with other effective
action.
VII. Education,
leisure and cultural activities
A. Education, training and careers guidance
- El
Salvador is facing the challenges of overcoming poverty, improving its
productivity and competitiveness, and laying the foundations
of sustainable
development, democracy and social peace. To do so, the country has to raise the
educational level of its people, in
terms of both training in basic life skills
and specialist training of human capital in various areas of science,
technology and
the arts, while implementing social programmes such as Solidarity
Network to combat poverty.
- The
Ministry of Education, under the Nacional Education Plan 2021, which is an
initiative of the Salvadoran Government coordinated
by the Ministry of Education
with a view to combining efforts to improve the national education system, and
with the objective of
formulating, with a long-term view, the priority
educational policies and goal for the coming years, is promoting the development
of the professional teacher’s career, recognizing the academic training
teachers have received in service and studies pursued
after qualifying as
teachers, which may be of use to them in completing a Degree in Education
Science in the specialist course they
have followed. To that end, specialist
courses are being run in the basic areas of the curriculum and in school
administration with
the aim of improving teaching methods and improving the
skills of teachers by developing their knowledge and skills and providing
tools
to help them solve childen’s learning problems. Each of the courses will
comprise eight training modules, each with an
academic value of 4 credits or
points, equivalent to 80 hours of face-to-face training and teaching practice,
each course being worth
32 points. Each of the modules in a course is structured
around language and mathematics with a skills-based approach and using practical
methodologies. In this context, from 2004 training measures have been carried
out on specific topics with teachers of various levels
and educational
procedures at national level. As of that year specialization processes were
introduced in basic areas of the curriculum
with teachers in service belonging
to the Ministry of Education’s priority programmes: Comprendo, Effective
School Networks,
Effective and Solidarity Schools and MEGATEC, as detailed
below:
- Training
of 268 nursery-school teachers in managing and applying the integrated guide to
methodological processes and implementing
modules on the theoretical bases of
the curriculum, technical supervision in the classroom and elements of nutrition
for childen
up to age six;
- Training
of 480 elementary- and high-school teachers on STD/HIV/AIDS issues;
- Content
and specific methodology update for 7,716 high-school teachers: preparation of
teaching material, lesson planning, methods
for teaching the basic subjects in
the curriculum, catering for diversity, catering for learning difficulties,
cross-cutting issues,
conflict resolution, etc.;
- Training
for 1,100 teachers under the Comprendo and Effective schooling Networks
programmes in the use and application of materials
to support the teaching and
learning process: text book, work book and teacher’s
manual;
- The
following table sets out the details of Ministry of Education’s budget by
level of education.
Figure 55
Budget allocated to the Ministry of Education
(2001–2007)
Year
|
Budget (us dollars)
|
2001
|
472,323,513
|
2002
|
468,730,104
|
2003
|
466,303,405
|
2004
|
463,580,197
|
2005
|
501,329,877
|
The detailed budget by level of education for 2001-2005 is annexed.
Note:* Current expenditure includes wages and salaries, goods and services
and current transfers
- See
also annex XIV.
- Article
18 of the General Education Act states that nursery education normally comprises
three years of study. The elements of the curriculum are to foster comprehensive
development through education from age four to six, involving the family, the
school and the community. Accreditation of the completion
of nursery education,
while not being a requirement for continuing studies, allows unrestricted access
to elementary education.
- The
following graph illustrates how spending on nursery education as a proportion of
the MINED budget showed a rising trend over the
years 2001-2005, from 6.0% to
7.8% of the total budget. Within the total current expenditure allocated to
wages and salaries, 9.3%
corresponded to that level in 2001, rising to 9.8% in
2005 and staying at that proportion in the budget approved for 2006. Current
expenditure in goods and services accounted for 1.9% in nursery schools in 2001,
and 3.9% in 2005. Furthermore, capital expenditure
for 2002 and 2003 represented
6.4% and 8.5% respectively, whereas there was no spending under the heading of
loans for this level
of education over the reporting period. Over the period
analysed, wages and salaries accounted for between 95% and 97% of the total
allocation to nursery schools.
Figure 56
Breakdown of spending on nursery schools as a percentage of
total budget (2001-2005)
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Wages and salaries
Goods and services
Current
transfers
Capital expenditure
Spending from loans
Source: MINED, (2001-2006).
- Elementary
education normally comprises nine years of study from first to ninth grades,
organized into three cycles of three years
each, normally starting at age seven.
According to article 4 of the LGE, elementary education is compulsory, and free
of charge when
provided by the State.
- Over
the period 2001-2005, spending on elementary education fell slightly from 64.3%
to 62.6% as a proportion of the total budget
executed by MINED, rising in the
2006 budget allocation to 63.4%. The current expenditure allocated to wages and
salaries fluctuated
between 74.8% and 75%, as the majority of the student
population in the education system is in first to ninth grade, and in view
of
its importance in achieving the goals of Plan 2021, and the targets of the
millennium development goals (MDG2) to achieve universal
primary education by
2015. Current expenditure includes remuneration of teaching and administrative
staff and the purchase of goods
and services and current transfers. In the case
of goods and services, there was a proportional increase for the contracting of
educational
services under the Educo programme.
- Capital
expenditure was higher in 2002 and 2003, because it covered reconstruction after
the earthquakes and Hurricane Stan. Spending
from loans is a prominent heading
at this level of education, although it shows a downward trend, from 73.6% in
2001 to 45.6% in
2005 of the total.
Figure
57
Breakdown of spending on elementary schools as a percentage
of the budget MINED
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Wages
and salaries
Spending from loans
Current transfers
Capital
expenditure
Goods and services
Source: MINED, (2001-2005).
- High
school offers two kinds of education: general and vocational. In accordance with
the General Education Act, both are designed for going on to higher education or
joining the labour market. High-school studies end at baccalaureate level,
accredited by an appropriate diploma. The general baccalaureate lasts two years
while the vocational cycle lasts three years. The
night-school baccalaureates
last three and four years respectively. All this is laid down in the General
Education Act.
- Spending
data for the high-school budget account for 10.5% to 10.9% of the total budget
executed by MINED, falling to 9.2% of the
budget allocation for 2006. Spending
from external loans grew from 26.4% in 2001 to 54.4% in 2005, highlighting the
strategy of expanding
educational services by arranging loans, with the aim of
subsequently finding ways of absorbing them with public funds.
- Processing
the MINED enrolment data to group investment by means of budgetary execution
from 2001 to 2005, the following trend is
observed:
- In
nursery schools there was a rising trend from 2001 to 2004 from 6.0% to 7.7% in
the total budget executed by MINED, followed by
a small drop in 2005 to 7.3% of
the Ministry’s budget execution;
- For
the period 2001-2005, 48.3% of spending went to primary
education;
- Spending
on secondary level increased over 2001 and 2002; 21% of the budget went to
secondary over the period 2001-2005.
- In
June 2007 a trust was approved by decree with the aim of raising a total of $350
million to support education, social peace and
public security; $200 million of
that amount were allocated to education.
- The
trust funds are being used in various Plan 2021 programmes, including:
- The
EDIFICA programme (infrastructure) was allocated $59.3 million for renovating or
rebuilding 280 new schools, including a specific
number of national institutes.
These include the National Institute of Commerce (INCO) where $1,100,000 is
being invested in reconstruction
and equipment. This will cover the total
replacement of 12 classrooms, three toilet blocks, the installation of a
first-level computer
laboratory and the renovation of various areas of the
establishment, thereby benefiting almost 700 pupils.
- The
Conéctate programme has been allocated $21.7 million to upgrade computer
classrooms and provide the institutions with hardware
and
software.
- The
Megatec network will benefit by expanding the offices in La Unión and
setting up another office in Cabañas. This
would mean at least 5000
grants in these areas.
- The
Edúcame programme aims to provide a more flexible supply of educational
services in the third cycle and baccalaureate,
by implementing new procedures to
reduce the level of over-age students and bring young people having interrupted
their academic
training back into the education system. It will receive an
allocation of $14.4 million, sufficient to provide 20,000 new places
for poor
young people and distance learning, which has already made it possible for 4,628
new students to join the programme. The
trust has so far raised an actual
investment of $1,200,000.00. Edúcame has 70 offices in 56 municipalities
spread over 14
departments nationwide, 62 of which in 50 municalities are
working with funds from the trust;
- The
Compite programme will receive $7.8 million, earmarked for English lessons for
10,000 baccalaureate students.
- Assessments
will also benefit from the allocation of $5.4 million to the Elementary
Education Learning Test (PAESITA) and international
tests.
- The
Effective schooling Network programme (REE), which is the educational section of
Solidarity Network, has received an allocation
of $7.3 million. To date, more
than 130,000 pupils at 767 educational establishments have benefited from a
contribution of $1,340,000
to carry out projects in fields such as the physical
environment, educational materials, desks, school transport, remedial classes
and psychological care.
Figure
58
MINED spending according to UNESCO classification
(2001-2005)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Percentage
of budget executed by level of
education
Nursery
6.0%
6.5%
7.0%
7.7%
7.3%
Primary
(grades 1 to 6)
49.7%
49.4%
47.1%
48.0%
47.3%
Secondary (grade
7 to Baccalaureate III)
25.2%
28.6%
14.2%
10.8%
26.2%
Total
spending from nursery to
secondary
81.0%
84.6%
68.3%
66.5%
80.8%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Nursery
Primary
(grades 1 to 6)
Secondary (grade 7 to Baccalaureate III)
Source: MINED, (2001-2005).
- In
order to obtain an approximate figure for MINED spending, we took as a basis the
enrolment figures broken down by area for the
period 2001-2005, and estimated
the amount of spending from the MINED budget for urban and rural areas at
nursery, elementary and
high-school levels. The data for spending on education
for nursery and elementary pupils, broken down by geographical area of the
schools in which they are enrolled, shows the following:
- MINED
spending in rural areas is tending to rise, from 44.7% in 2001 to 46.7% in 2005,
as a proportion of total spending for students
from nursery to high school in
the public sector. The average for the period was 45.6%;
- Priority
was given to schools in rural areas, which cater for poorer populations and have
lower academic indicators than urban schools.
Figure 59
MINED spending by geographical area
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
Urban
area
Rural area
Rural/urban index
Source: MINED. (2001-2005)
- Based
on the enrolment data recorded by MINED for nursery to high-school levels,
spending was estimated broken down by gender for
those levels over the period
2001-2005. This exercise shows that spending by gender has remained equitable,
since in 2001 48.7% was
allocated to the female student population as against
51.3% to males, while the distribution was 49% on female enrolments and 51%
on
male enrolments in 2005. The ratio varied from 0.94 to 0.96 over the period,
which is an acceptable index of gender parity in
terms of spending.
Figure 60
MINED spending by gender
47%
48%
48%
49%
49%
50%
50%
51%
51%
52%
52%
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Female
enrolments
Male enrolments
GPI (female/male)
Source: MINED. (2001-2005)
- The
average cost to MINED of a student in the various levels of education was
estimated using the spending data recorded by the Administration
Department of
MINED, divided by total enrolments for each level of education taken from the
enrolment survey. The following average
annual costs were obtained for the
period 2001-2005:
- The
average annual cost per nursery pupils was $140 for the reporting period, with a
rising trend in average costs of budget execution,
leading to a higher cost for
2005 of $151;
- In
elementary education, the average annual cost was $227 over the reporting
period;
- For
high school, the average annual cost is estimated at $341 over the reporting
period.
Figure 61
Average cost by level of education. Amounts in US
dollars
Level
|
2001
|
2002
|
2003
|
2004
|
2005
|
Nursery
|
133
|
135
|
138
|
145
|
151
|
Elementary
|
243
|
234
|
216
|
213
|
227
|
High school
|
333
|
398
|
396
|
283
|
293
|
Source: MINED. (2001-2005)
B. Activities to improve the coverage and quality of
education
- The
challenge facing the Ministry of Education in terms of coverage is to reduce the
percentage of the population that does not attend
school by expanding the
coverage of nursery, elementary and high-school education, raising literacy
levels and catering for the whole
poor and above-age population.
- Among
the activities designed to close the gap in coverage and quality under the Educo
programme, enrolments of students from nursery
to baccalaureate level have been
maintained at more than 320,000 since 2004. The programme has 17 educational
establishments that
have expanded educational services to the baccalaureate in
rural areas, administered by the community, including a National High-School
Institute. From 2005 a strategy was implemented of remedial classes, especially
in first grade, to enable pupils to successfully
complete first grade and be
moved up to second grade. This strategy is being extended to the higher grades.
- Under
the Opportunities Programme and the National Education Plan 2021, since 2005 the
Ministry of Education has been implementing
the Effective schooling Network
programme, one of the main Government management initiatives for the 2004-2009
period. The Effective
schooling Network aims to improve efficiency in the
provision of educational services and to enable children and young people to
gain access to high quality education. In the 100 municipalities in extreme
poverty and with the highest repetition and dropout rate
in the country, 105
Effective Schooling Networks were set up, involving 780 educational
establishments with enrolments of about 124,243
students, and 3,436 teachers. As
at 2006, the 66 networks organized brought 4,460 new students into the national
education system,
mainly as a result of the conditional money transfers to
families benefiting under the Solidarity Network programme. The networks
receive
technical assistance with teaching and administration to improve access and help
students to stay in school.
- The
network steering committees coordinate the various activities for the benefit of
the network, and receive the relevant guidelines
for implementing common
initiatives to help improve integration of the member schools. Some 500 first-
and second-cycle teachers
have begun a process of specialization in the areas of
language and mathematics so as to serve students better and improve their
learning experience.
- Pupils
from nursery to sixth grade receive a daily snack at school. Language and
mathematics books have also been supplied to all
first- and second-grade pupils,
to support and help them learn to read and write and perform arithmetic. Pupils,
mainly in first
grade, receive remedial teaching to help them learn to read and
write. In elementary education, the following measures safeguard
the
children’s right to education: new regulations to encourage access to
elementary education; ensuring that the necessary
conditions are met to
guarantee a suitable environment for a good education that encourages students
to continue their studies; facilitating
the processes of providing teaching
resources in schools; facilitating processes of long-term (PEI) and short-term
(PEA) planning
to create a culture of educational planning based on
children’s learning; supporting all institutional and international
efforts
that are of educational benefit to pupils in the level; set up school
registers to ensure that promoted students retain their legal
entitlement;
orientating departmental quality monitoring teams towards the improvement of
school management in a way that favours
elementary education; checking that the
200 school days per year are taught and that the study hours are in accordance
with the regulations
and academic workload of the level; supporting the process
of creating new sections in elementary education; investigate and solve
cases
where children are denied the right to education; and incorporate into circulars
information on the development of family involvement
in learning.
- The
Ministry of Education has taken some important steps that have enabled coverage
to be expanded in the third cycle and high school.
For 2006, 826 grants were
awarded to baccalaureate students, 502 to women and 326 to men. These grants
were awarded on the basis
of the following criteria: the level of poverty of the
applicant; child of a single mother; applicant from a municipality in the
Solidarity Network; applicant students attend one of the establishments in the
Megatec network or National Technology Institutes.
- Other
similar measures and activities included:
- The
topic of non-discrimination against pregnant teenagers was included in the
Operating Regulations document for elementary educational
establishments, which
is supplied to head teachers. In most schools, pregnant teenagers are now able
to attend in normal school hours
and are not expelled or subject to arbitrary
measures that violate their rights;
- The
Committee on the Family, Women and Children of the Legislative Assembly is
considering a reform of the General Education Act, aimed at eradicating
discriminatory measures against pregnant
girls;[36]
- For
2006, 345 grants were awarded for the third cycle and 352 for high
school;
- The
provision of educational services in the department of La Unión was
expanded in five urban educational establishments,
equipping them with
classrooms, furniture and teachers, which allowed coverage to be increased by 40
per cent in elementary education
and also in high school;
- A
network of 36 elementary and high schools has been formed and for 2007 it is
planned to upgrade students’ vocational skills
by means of careers
guidance and vocational training projects;
- The
range of educational services provided has been expanded in 52 high schools
nationwide.
- We
should also mention the Accelerated Elementary Education Programme which is a
teaching strategy supporting the development of the
seventh-, eighth- and
ninth-grade curriculum in the third cycle of elementary education, catering for
young people in areas of extreme
poverty. The accelerated education strategy is
a measure designed to increase educational coverage, mainly in marginal rural
and
urban areas, and aims to improve quality in education of the over-age
elementary education population, offering a process enabling
them to advance to
a high level of schooling and develop skills and attitudes for improved personal
and social development. Young
people are expected to join the formal education
system within one or two years and this is an opportunity to obtain certificates
for grades two to six of elementary education. The programme offers the target
population an educational service based on electronic
and online media and
caters for demand for elementary education in rural areas where, for
geographical and financial reasons, it
is not possible for young people to move
to urban areas to continue their studies. In 2006 it served a population of
26,400 pupils
in 352 schools nationwide. The programme is being implemented at
national level, and in 2006 it catered for 589 students within the
Effective
schooling Network (REE), and 2,586 outside it, benefiting a total population
of 3,175 students from grades two to six of
elementary education.
- The
Alternative Classrooms programme is a strategy designed for students enrolled at
schools with a low student population, allowing
differentiated education to be
provided that takes account of students’ potential and limits; it is run
at the same time but
separately by a single teacher for students in different
grades, specifically in grades two to six of elementary education where
the
curriculum is suited to the grade and level of each student. The objective of
the programme is to devise a participatory and
dynamic methodology focusing on
the student as the main player in the learning process. It is being implemented
nationwide, and in
2006 it served a population of 123,456 students in grades two
to six of elementary education. The programme catered for 1,875 students
within
the REE, and 125,340 in the population at large. See annex XV in this
respect.
- We
should also mention the Distance-Learning Programme which is a teaching strategy
supporting the development of the seventh-, eighth-
and ninth-grade curriculum
in the third cycle of elementary education, catering for young people in areas
of extreme poverty. The
programme offers the target population an educational
service based on electronic and online media and caters for demand for
elementary
education in rural areas where, for geographical and financial
reasons, it is not possible for young people to move to urban areas
to continue
their studies. In 2006 it served a population of 26,400 pupils in 352
schools nationwide.
- The
issue of teenage pregnancies has always been a highly controversial one in the
country’s educational establishments, especially
on the cultural level and
the myths surrounding the issue. Much of the work involves raising awareness
among teaching staff, parents
and students, and has achieved much in recent
years. Beginning in 1999, head teachers of public- and private-sector elementary
schools
were invited to devise awareness campaigns on the issue of teenage
pregnancy. Over that period, this measure improved the position
of pregnant
girls in schools. In 2001, a national research project was carried out
involving 138 elementary schools. It brought
to light very important data on the
reasons why pupils drop out of school, one reason being teenage pregnancy. A
sample of 101 regulations
from elementary schools was reviewed, 87% of which did
not require expulsion on grounds of pregnancy.
- This
research on pregnancy concluded that although awareness-raising days had been
held on the rights of adolescents, the aim was
to ensure that all institutions
should allow any pregnant pupils to continue studying. The research enabled
action such as the following
to be taken:
- Awareness-raising
workshops with school authorities, describing the legal measures to ensure that
the rights of pregnant girls were
respected and that efforts were made to
prevent teenage pregnancies. These workshops laid emphasis on the legal basis of
protection
for women;
- Provision
of guidelines to schools to keep records of causes of pupils dropping out, and
to strive to retain these students.
- In
2005, a sample of 50 public schools was provided with tools for collecting
information on teenage pregnancy, to provide a reliable
database on the issue.
The main outcome of this survey was as follows: in 49 shools in the sample there
were 198 cases of teenage
pregnancy; in the 49 schools in the sample, there was
an average of 4.0 pregnant teenagers; 55% of the pregnant pupils were aged
between 17 and 18; 81% of pregnant pupils were in the second or third year of
the baccalaureate; 63% of the pregnant pupils stayed
at the school, which is a
success for the awareness-raising campaign among authorities and teachers; and
37% of pregnant pupils left
the school at their own choice.
- As
a result of these strategies, in most educational establishments, the girls are
now able to attend in normal school hours and are
not expelled or subject to
arbitrary measures that violate their rights;
- In
2006 research was carried out with the aim of collecting information to build a
reliable database on educational efficiency indicators,
such as school drop outs
and truancy. Head teachers were provided with a tool for collecting data on the
number of pregnant teenagers,
their age, school grade and whether they were
currently studying in the establishment, with a view to making an analysis and
update
the database on this issue which is linked to the causes of school
drop-outs in the country. This database will help elementary school
coordination, whether supported by or supporting other MINED bodies, to define
some strategies with a view to ensuring that schools
take measures to enable
young girls to continue their studies and complete their baccalaureate. See
Annex XVI for more information
on articles 14 and 15 of the Family Code which
determine who may or may not contract marriage and the requirements applying to
minors.
- The
Ministry of Education, under a cooperation agreement with the Salvadoran
Education and Labour Foundation (Editar), is implementing
a project entitled
“The Don Bosco Industrial Estate – an alternative education”,
with the aim of facilitating access
to education by the young population at
social risk, by creating opportunities for a quality academic, vocational or
business training
and the training of business leaders. Since 2003, MINED
– in cooperation with Editar – has been awarding grants for academic
training at elementary and high-school level; training and work experience in
sales, finance, production and management in aluminium,
footwear, printing,
bakery, die-stamping, and engineering businesses; and vocational training in
carpentry, engineering, cutting,
textile and electrical workshops. Young people
receive the academic, vocation and practical business training, and also receive
medical
and psychological care, family and legal counselling, food, uniforms,
shoes, teaching materials, personal items, and the boarders
receive full board
and lodging throughout the year.
- In
2006 MINED also promoted the implementation of two relevant activities at
national level: “Leisure mornings” and “Art
festivals”,
involving parents and significant adults, which focus on child rights. A total
of 242,414 children took part.
- Furthermore,
the ten priority programmes of the National Education Plan 2021 include nursery
education under the “Juega Leyendo” (Reading though Play)
programme. The Juega Leyendo programme consists of two strategies:
a) one-year community nursery education sections, and b) sections
to prepare for entering first grade of elementary school, lasting three months,
both in their own right and as part of
the National Education Plan, focusing on
six-year-olds, especially those in rural areas classed as extremely poor,
difficult to access
and with the highest repetition and dropout rates. As things
stand at this point in 2007, the Juega Leyendo programme operates in 76
of the poorest 100 municipalities in El Salvador, across 14 departments.
The programme has benefited children
who have no access to nursery education, as
the following table shows:
Figure 62
Children benefiting under the Juega Leyendo
programme (2005–2007)
Year
|
Strategy
|
Children
|
2005
|
25 three-month preparatory sections for entering first grade (October
2005 to January 2006)
|
|
2006
|
50 ten-month community nursery education sections
|
856
|
30 three-month preparatory sections for entering first grade (October
2006 to January 2007)
|
476
|
2007
|
96 ten-month community nursery education sections
|
1440
|
Total
|
|
3173
|
- This
programme equips teachers with the tools to give children basic preparation in
reading and arithmetic and also enables them to
explain parents’ and
guardians’ obligations towards their children.
- The
Ministry of Education’s Department of Initial and Nursery Education has
joined an interinstitutional effort with UNICEF,
the Ministry of Health, the
Salvadoran Institute for the Full Development of Children and Adolescents and
other bodies concerned
to draw more attention to children through the programme
También soy Persona (I’m a Person Too), aimed at families.
Phase I has already been launched in six educational communities in the country
through
“Parents’ Schools” implemented nationwide with
financial support from UNICEF.
- Even
though we have a gross coverage of 50.4% and a net 42.7% rate in nursery
education,[37] attendance at
this level has been improving year after year in the communities and parents are
therefore inceasingly keen to send
their children to nursery school. In 2006,
239,638 children were enrolled on this
basis.[38]
- With
the Juega Leyendo programme of the National Education Plan 2021, there
was an increase in coverage of nursery level, especially in communities with
the
highest repetition and dropout rates and in those which have educational
services but no nursery level. In 2006, 856 children
were enrolled under
the “Community Nursery Education Sections” strategy, and
476 under the “First-Grade Preparatory
Sections” strategy,
covering a total of 1,332 children of nursery age. For 2007, 1,290 children will
come under the “Community
Nursery Education Sections” strategy, and
810 under the “First-Grade Preparatory Sections” strategy, covering
a
total 2,100 children in the system. The Juega Leyendo programme equips
teachers with the tools to give children basic preparation in reading and
arithmetic and also to explain parents’
and guardians’ obligations
towards their children. The Initial Education programme, aimed at parents and
operating in 568 schools,
continues to offer guidelines and improve the growth
of their children, especially those aged four and under, and who have no
systematic
institutionalized care. The aim is to start introducing them to
education before they enter nursery school, and 39,375 children under
four
have benefited since 2005.
- After
three years of focused implementation, a proposal for improving learning has
been put together. The spirit of the educational
reform begun in the 1990s has
not been abandoned, but it has been clarified and implemented in such a way that
the objectives, content,
methods and assessment of the learning process are put
into practice in a more connected and clearer manner. The focus of the
Salvadoran
curriculum is therefore still constructivist, humanist and socially
committed. When working on skills development, pupils are encouraged
to learn
significant lessons by solving problems in context and developing critical
thinking. At the same time, it encourages them
to emerge from the education
system and be successful in higher education or working life, since both require
highly skilled human
resources. Based on this approach, the national curriculum
is constantly being updated. These updates to the curriculum have the
support of
researchers who, after long experience, have succeeded in setting theoretical
and practical standards that allow innovations
to be introduced into to the
curriculum. The basic outlines of our curriculum, adopted by our academic and
technical staff, allow
a skills-based approach to have more chance of success in
Salvadoran education. The Ministry of Education’s update of the curriculum
does not abandon the objectives-based approach, as it considers them to be
compatible with skills.
- Any
update of the curriculum always affects the structure and sequencing of the
objectives and content. This means that the content
and structure of syllabuses
will change. To orientate the curriculum towards attaining skills, the
objectives were reviewed, improved
and drafted in a skills format, which implies
linking conceptual, attitudinal and procedural content in such a way that it
corresponds
to an outcome. In terms of teaching and learning, the relevance of
the content depends on its function in achieving the objectives,
i.e. developing
skills. Hence its importance is not determined by the subjects. The starting
point has to be the skills that the
students need to perform well in the
academic, work and social domains, which are set out in the objectives. This
update of the curriculum
has sometimes led to a new approach to the basic
subjects. For instance, in language teaching, the functional communication
approach
has been encouraged, which starts by acknowledging the social nature of
language and the importance of interaction in the construction
of meaning, and
the development of thought, knowledge and creativity.
- More
up-to-date methodological proposals have also been put together in the other
areas of the curriculum. This initiative will reach
schools by means of
documents, teacher training and departmental monitoring teams. The plans will be
implemented in schools on the
basis of the following documents:
- Curriculum
in the service of learning implements the whole skills-based proposal for the
education system;
- Skills-based
assessment: guides skills assessment;
- Study
syllabuses;
- Methodological
guides to basic subjects for teachers in grades 1 to 6;
- Text
books for the four basic subjects for students in grades 1 to 6;
- Exercise
books for the four basic subjects for students in the first cycle; and
- Nursery
notebooks for pupils aged 4, 5 and 6.
- Since
2005, teachers in 111 targeted schools have been given three teaching materials
for implementing the proposal in language and
mathematics subjects for first
grade: text book, exercise book and methodological guide. The materials for
second grade were validated
in 2006 and those for third grade in 2007. The same
year, all first-grade pupils were given a book for learning to read and six
exercise
books. The first exercise book in this series was also designed for
six-year-olds in nursery school. Monitoring teams were trained
in the proposed
teaching materials and their use in the classroom, and they in turn held
information and modelling meetings on the
use of the materials for first-grade
teachers in early 2007. In 2007 there will be a national effort to equip all
first-cycle pupils
(grades 1 to 3) and teachers with these materials. The four
basic subjects of language, mathematics, social studies and science will
be
covered.
- As
an important activity in the field of monitoring and assessing learning, a
nationwide experiment was carried out for assessing
the priority indicators for
language and mathematics for each term, with the aim of offering remedial
classes to first-grade pupils
not delivering the expected results. This
initiative helped to consolidate the continuous and motivating nature of
assessment in
the education system, by means of “quarterly progress tests
and remedial class plans”. The measured indicators correspond
to the
indicators of the Unified Quality Monitoring Strategy. In the second quarter
progress was made by considering possible reasons
why students were not
achieving the expected performance in the assessment indicators. The experiment
was validated on a sample of
111 schools with a view to extending it to the
whole country. The assessment is monitored by the departmental monitoring teams,
and
focuses more on the remedial activities than on the results, by relating
results to students and sections over the three terms assessed.
This continuous
assessment is built into the text books, exercise books and methodological
guides, in order to integrate it successfully
into the education system.
- As
indicated in the National Education Plan 2021, the Salvadoran Government, under
the coordination of the Ministry of Education,
is fostering combined efforts to
improve the national education system. The aim of the plan is to devise priority
long-term education
policy and targets for the coming years.
- The
following accreditable specialist courses have also been devised.
- Development
of three modules with 317 teachers from the Comprendo Programme, corresponding
to the specialist course in language and
mathematics for the first cycle of
elementary education. The following modules have been developed: introduction to
communication
skills in language and mathematics, continuous assessment of
reading and writing and the basic operations, and emerging reading and
writing
and problem-solving;
- Development
of module I : introduction to communication skills in language and mathematics
with 634 teachers from Effective School
Networks and Effective Solidarity
Schools;
- Development
of two language modules with 668 first-cycle elementary teachers and teachers
from the Elementary Education Upgrade Programme
with emphasis on
language;
- Development
of a diploma course on basic areas of the curriculum with 119 teachers from
nursery and first and second cycles of elementary
education, from the
departments of La Unión and Morazán. The diploma course lasted 10
months, during which seven modules
were developed on the following topics:
initial and nursery education, teaching mathematics, teaching language, learning
assessment,
school organization and administration, catering for diversity and
strategic planning;
- Training
of 360 language, literature and mathematics teachers from the third cycle of
elementary education;
- Training
of 3724 head teachers of public educational establishments, with the development
of four modules in the following fields:
institutional management,
organizational management, curriculum management and teaching
management.
- Progress
has been made with raising the literacy of the Salvadoran population, but a
certain level of illiteracy still remains. Accordingly,
the State of El Salvador
continues to make efforts and allocate resources to bring literacy to as many
inhabitants as possible. The
following table gives data on the trend of
literacy[39] in the country,
illustrating the constant reduction in the illiteracy rate, from 25.2% in 1991
to 14.9% in 2006. It also shows the
increase in school attendance over the same
period, which rose by more than 400,000.
Figure
63
Trend of illiteracy in el salvador, 1991–2006
Population aged 10 and over by literacy and calendar
year
1991 - 2006
Year
|
School attendance (number of
persons)
|
Illiterate (number of
persons)
|
Illiterate
(percentage)
|
1991
|
949,611
|
954,840
|
25.2
|
1992
|
NA
|
937,604
|
24.6
|
1993
|
NA
|
926,255
|
24.1
|
1994
|
NA
|
892,538
|
22.6
|
1995
|
1,013,707
|
856,285
|
21.0
|
1996
|
1,197,881
|
861,120
|
19.8
|
1997
|
1,127,509
|
886,873
|
20.1
|
1998
|
1,104,814
|
876,799
|
19.5
|
1999
|
1,120,997
|
840,081
|
18.1
|
2000
|
1,156,033
|
836,695
|
17.5
|
2001
|
1,194,272
|
818,773
|
16.6
|
2002
|
1,227,160
|
836,256
|
16.6
|
2003
|
1,211,084
|
805,495
|
15.9
|
2004
|
1,274,470
|
811,735
|
15.5
|
2005
|
1,307,773
|
791,658
|
14.9
|
2006
|
1,360,691
|
797,349
|
14.6
|
Source: Derived from data from the General Directorate for Statistics
and Censuses (DIGESTYC). Educational variables and EHPM.
- Annex
XVII contains statistics on illiteracy broken down by gender, age and urban or
rural origin, for the period 2004-2005.
- As
stated above, substantial progress has been made in relation to school
attendance for promoting the integration of children into
the education system,
particularly in the early cycles of schooling. However, a significant number of
children still leave the system
at age 16.
- Annex
XVIII contains statistics on school attendance broken down by gender, age and
urban or rural origin, for the period 2004-2005.
- Besides
the education offered by the public school system, the State of El Salvador
offers a number of training programmes, notably
through the Salvadoran
Vocational Training Institute (INSAFORP). The National Youth Secretariat also
runs the Careers and Working
Skills programme which prepares young people to
work in skilled trades, with technical skills and knowledge. It is run with the
support
of German cooperation (GTZ), private enterprise and trade unions.
- The
analysis carried out in 2006 by the Ministry of Education’s Quality
Monitoring Teams as agents providing technical assistance
to schools in a
particular geographical area (education district), helped to identify the
factors at national level influencing pupils
dropping out of school. The most
common is the families’ financial situation (municipalities in extreme
poverty), and child
labour. Other factors are a lack of interest or attention by
parents in their children’s education, common diseases, families
emigrating abroad, moving house (families fearing crime, seeking work, etc.).
- The
analysis by the monitoring teams in the education districts is accompanied by
efforts to establish commitments within the education
community to reduce school
drop-out levels. The most common commitments made in educational establishments
are: carrying out home
visits; discussing absenteeism in meetings with parents;
and sending parents written notes for pupils missing from school, stressing
parents’ obligation to educate their children. One strategy for stopping
first-grade pupils dropping out is to provide remedial
classes in language and
mathematics. This process is carried out as follows: examinations are set in
both subjects each term, and
the questions correspond to various skills that the
students have to acquire in that time. The teachers set and mark the exams and
a
remedial strategy is planned based on the results obtained. This strategy is
monitored not only by the teacher but also by the
parents.
- Previous
efforts to reduce dropping out from school have given positive results, as El
Salvador has a target for 2010 of reducing
by half, i.e. to 14.49%, the
proportion of school-age children – aged 7 to 17 – who do not attend
primary or secondary
school.
- The
proportion of non-attendance of 28.97% in 1990 fell to 13.88% in 2005, an
overall decrease of 15.10 percentage points, with an
annual average of 1.01 per
cent. The rate of decrease over the third five-year period 2000-2005 was higher
than in the two previous
five-year periods, with an annual average of 1.26 per
cent. The 2010 target has therefore already been achieved and
exceeded.[40]
1.
Family Alliance Plan
- In
response to the rise in international oil prices, President Saca presented the
Family Alliance to the nation, comprising 19 measures.
The plan involved an
investment of $54 million. It was divided into $18.5 million for education, $17
million for agriculture, $15
million for supplementing income tax and $3 million
to fund the ISS paying 100% of salary during maternity leave.
- The
Plan involves a decisive participation by the private sector, as it implies more
regulation of public services such as telephones
and electricity, to avoid
unjustified payments in those sectors and the financial system.
- There
are also plans for reforms of certain laws such as the General
Telecommunications Act and the Consumer Protection Act.
- The
measures include:
- An
increase to 100% of salary cover granted by the ISS to working mothers during
the 12 weeks of maternity leave;
- Increase
in deductions that citizens can claim against income tax under education and
health, up to $1,600, or $800 for each heading;
- Abolition
from January 2008 of enrolment, tuition and graduation fees for more than
150,000 baccalaureate pupils in the public system;
- Consistent
with the above, repayment of enrolment and tuition fees already paid by
families;
- Extension
of the free Edúcame programme to increase its capacity from 30,000 to
50,000, bringing young people who have dropped
out of baccalaureate studies back
into the education system;
- Hiring
with own funds of a total of 2,950 new teachers, to join the education
system.
2. Measures for education
- Under
the measures for education, baccalaureate students will be able to enrol in high
schools free of charge from January 2008. The
Ministry of Education has
earmarked $17 million (from the trust fund) to cover enrolments, tuition and
graduation fees for some 150,000
students who are currently about to enter high
school. The remaining $1.5 millon dollars will go to technology upgrades.
- The
baccalaureate is the only academic level that is not free of charge in the
public system. Until 2007, students paid an average
of $10 a month (10
instalments a year), $20 for enrolment and $15 in graduation fees.
-
For the time being, 300 high-school classrooms will be refurbished and internet
will be funded for all baccalaureate
establishments.
C. Relaxation, leisure and
cultural and artistic activities
- The
National Youth Secretariat’s objectives also include healthy leisure
activities for young people and optimum use of free
time. The activities it
carries out to promote participation in cultural activities, and healthy leisure
and recreation for young
people include:
- Youth
camps. With the support of the National Council for Public Security, MINED, the
Ministry of National Defence and the National
Academy for Public Security, youth
camps are run as common living areas, where young people learn and practice
skills and abilities;
- Youth
Month. In Youth Month, activities are carried out to promote participation by
outstanding young people as citizens in the various
areas of national life,
through youth meetings, forums, conferences, cultural activities and sports
activities;
- Youth
Power Festival. This is an area for expression, participation and recognition of
young people’s artistic and cultural
talent. The Festival encompasses art
exhibitions, street art, contests, stage art, knowledge quizzes, extreme sports
and youth concerts;
- Youth
Ingenuity Contest. This activity is designed to stimulate young people to
develop their creativity in the areas of technology,
through recognition,
exhibition of projects, fostering young people’s ingenuity and knowledge
transfer;
- Young
Talent Festival. This activity aims to promote the talent of young people with
outstanding academic, artistic, cultural or sporting
qualities; create the
necessary spaces and skills to successfully encourage the abilities of young
people, by promoting music, plastic
arts, literature and theatre and promote
youth issues; and
- Outstanding
Merit Prize. This is a programme to recognize young Salvadorans who stand out in
daily life, and organizations and institutions
that offer the best programmes to
promote young talent.
VIII. Special
protection measures
A. Returning children
- Reception
mechanisms are established for Salvadoran children found travelling alone in
other countries. These are mediated by the
various institutions involved, namely
the Department of Humanitarian Management and Migrant Care (DGHAM), the Ministry
of External
Relations, the National Civil Police General Directorate for
Migration and Aliens (DGME) and the Salvadoran Institute for Full Development
of
Children and Adolescents (ISNA), amongst others.
- The
process begins as follows:
- Relatives
of the child in El Salvador submit an application to DGHAM and set out the case,
showing the child’s birth certificate;
- An
official appointed by DGHAM: personally interviews the person requesting
repatriation;
- When
a case is submitted by a Salvadoran Consulate abroad, the DGHAM official locates
relatives in El Salvador to explain the repatriation
process to them and draws
up an authorization to be signed by a relative. This enables the Consul to
complete the necessary formalities
with the local authorities and thus
repatriate a person under the age of 18;
- If a
foreign institution caring for a child asks for a social services report on the
family who is to receive him or her in El Salvador,
the Consulate requests this
from DGHAM;
- DGHAM
draws up and sends a memo to ISNA requesting the preparation of a social
services report on the family who will receive the
child in El Salvador;
- DGHAM
receives the Social Services report on the relevant family prepared by ISNA and
sends it to the Consulate;
- The
Consulate completes the relevant formalities with children’s institutions
and migration authorities for repatriation (identification
of the child,
transfer to the airport or confirmation of repatriation route);
- If
the authorities in the corresponding country do not provide for the
child’s transport, the Consulate will notify DGHAM so
that it can liaise
with relatives in El Salvador or the relevant bodies in order to obtain the
fare;
-
DGHAM coordinates the child’s reception with the relatives who are to
receive the child in El Salvador, DGME and ISNA;
- DGHAM
hands over the child to ISNA for clearance and subsequent handover to his or her
relatives.
- With
regard to the above process and because the children enter across the La
Hachadura border, it has been agreed that the Consul
notifies ISNA by email the
day it sends the children and also liaises by telephone with the Ministry of
Foreign Relations Migrant
Care Centre in La Hachadura; ISNA staff go to the
Ministry of External Relations Migrant Care Centre and perform the following
procedure
there:
- They
receive a list of all children and adolescents.
- They
confirm which of the children are accompanied by relatives and in possession of
documentation.
- They
carry out interviews with each child and their family to establish that they are
biologically related and that the birth certificate
and sole identity document
(DUI) are correct.
- Official
record and report forms are then filled in so that the children and adolescents
can be handed over to their relatives.
- If no
relatives are present to meet the children, they are transferred to ISNA and
temporary accommodation is organized in the Hogar
Moraga and Ciudad de los
Niños orphanages for girls and boys respectively. In some cases, the
relatives even come to the ISNA
in Santa Ana on the same day to reunite the
family. Otherwise, arrangements are made by telephone to allow the relatives
time until
the following day to pick up the children.
- Under
exceptional circumstances, when the family fails to turn up, the relevant
arrangements are made with ISNA branches, according
to the geographical area in
which the child is resident.
- When
they are sent to ISNA, the procedure is as follows:
- They
are sent to ISNA by the DGME or the National Civil Police at the following
border posts: Santa Ana, Anguiatú and San Cristóbal
de la Frontera
or the Paraje Galán police station in Santiago de la Frontera,
Ahuachapán, and the Las Chinamas and
La Hachadura borders;
- The
Anguiatú, San Cristóbal de la Frontera, Paraje Galán and
Las Chinamas border posts specifically receive children
and adolescents who are
detected at these borders or border posts when they leave El Salvador heading
for other countries;
- The
La Hachadura border specifically receives children sent by the El Salvador
Consulate in Chiapas, Mexico.
1. Numbers of children
and adolescents handled
- ISNA
began work in the field of returning minors in the western area in 2004 and
reported as follows:
- In
2004 it handled 444 minors;
- In
2005 it handled 918;
- In
2006 it handled 976 salvadoran children and 56 foreigners entering the country
illegally.
- The
type of assistance offered consisted of providing:
- Accommodation;
- Food;
- Hygiene
products;
- Psychological
assistance, when necessary.
- Note
that children return by both land and air, in the latter case under the
“Bienvenido a Casa” (Welcome Home) return programme, handled
by the General Directorate for Migration and Aliens, which reported receiving
the
following numbers of minors during the following years:
- 194
in 2004
- A
total of 269 in 2005
- A
total of 298 in 2006
- The
following institutions were involved in this process:
- National
Civil Police;
- General
Directorate for Migration and Aliens;
- Ministry
of External Relations;
- ISNA.
- Minor
nationals may return to El Salvador in two ways, by air and by
land.
Figure 64
General Directorate for Migration and Aliens. Returning
Salvadoran children
Period from January to December 2006
Place of entry
|
Jan
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Apr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Aug
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dec
|
Total
|
La Hachadura
|
172
|
147
|
153
|
164
|
135
|
139
|
98
|
103
|
134
|
71
|
88
|
104
|
1,508
|
Las Chinamas
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
8
|
San Cristóbal
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Anguiatú
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
El Poy
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
El Amatillo
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
0
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
5
|
International airport
|
45
|
18
|
34
|
26
|
33
|
33
|
11
|
18
|
28
|
22
|
13
|
17
|
298
|
Total
|
217
|
165
|
191
|
190
|
168
|
172
|
113
|
121
|
165
|
93
|
101
|
123
|
1,819
|
- See
annex XIX for more information on returning
children.
B. Child victims of trafficking in
persons and sexual
exploitation[41]
- El
Salvador set up a National Committee against Trafficking in Persons by means of
Executive Order Number 114, published in Official
Gazette No 224, Volume 369
dated 1 December 2005, with the aim of fighting this scourge
comprehensively, by implementing a national
Policy and Plan for the eradication
of trafficking in persons in accordance with obligations under the Salvadoran
legal system.
- The
Committee is made up of the following Secretariats and Institutions: Ministry of
External Relations (the Committee Chair and Permanent
Secretariat is in charge
of this agency), Ministry of Government, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of
Education, Ministry of Employment
and Social Security, Ministry of Public Health
and Social Welfare, Ministry of Tourism, National Secretariat for the Family,
National
Civil Police, General Directorate for Migration and Aliens, Salvadoran
Institute for the Full Care of Children and Adolescents, Salvadoran
Institute
for Women’s Development.
- The
Committee performs the following functions to achieve its aim:
- Integrates
and coordinates efforts with the aim of investigating and preventing the crime
of trafficking in persons and assisting
victims through national institutions
and international bodies;
- Develops
enablement and training activities on the subject, taking into account the
various methods of trafficking in persons;
- Disseminates
efforts to combat the scourge of trafficking in persons amongst the
population;
- Proposes
appropriate legal initiatives through any of the committee members, with the
approval of the president of the republic.
- Advises
committee government body officials on measures or projects to promote the
topic;
- Promotes
measures designed to reinforce and facilitate the participation of public and
private institutions in combating, preventing
and handling trafficking in
persons.
- The
committee is currently drawing up the national policy against trafficking in
persons 2008-2017 and its respective action plan
2008-2012.
- In
order to combat trafficking in persons and the commercial sexual exploitation of
children and adolescents, the National Plan for
the Eradication of the Worst
Forms of Child Labour (20062009) contains a specific chapter on the commercial
sexual exploitation of
children and adolescents. This includes intervention
strategies, strategic measures and indicators. The Plan incorporates the
following
indicators: level of perception and public rejection of commercial
sexual exploitation of children and adolescents; media coverage;
types of
complaints; level of integration of victims in families; number of beneficiaries
in prevention programmes; number of citizen
complaints; number of cases
investigated; number of exploiters captured; and number of cases where the
aggressor receives a criminal
penalty. By means of a Citizen Charter between
government institutions and civil society, it has also been possible to set up a
Working
Party against the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children And
Adolescents.
- Over
the reporting period, special units were set up against trafficking within the
ISNA, the National Civil Police, the Office of
the Public Prosecutor of the
Republic, ISDEMU (Salvadoran Institute for Women’s Development), the
Ministry of External Relations
and the General Directorate for Migration and
Aliens, which work in coordination to increase the efficacy of State action to
help
victims and punish those responsible.
- As
far as criminal law is concerned, the Criminal Code and Code of Criminal
Procedure has been reformed to bring national legislation
into line with
international obligations in this area, with the aim of providing greater
protection for victims and more severe penalties
for exploiters and traffickers.
In 2004, for example, all offences connected with child abuse, lewd sexual acts,
including possession
of child pornography, trafficking and trading in persons
were reformed,[42] increasing
the penalties if the victim is under 18 years of age in order to safeguard and
protect children and adolescents. In particular,
Article 367-B of the Criminal
Code criminalizes the offence of trafficking in persons, and also aggravating
circumstances to the
offence of Trafficking in
persons.[43]
- In
cooperation with international organizations such as the ILO and UNICEF,
investigations were carried out into trafficking, identifying
risk areas. ISNA
conducted awareness and information campaigns to prevent such acts occurring and
invests an approximate annual sum
of $ 196,328 in caring for victims and working
to restore their rights. In 2006, ISDEMU promoted a prevention campaign against
trafficking
and commercial sexual exploitation through the media. This involved
2,570 radio spots broadcast on five national radio stations,
advertising
hoardings on the main streets of San Salvador, mobile billboards on bus routes
in the metropolitan area and the printing
of posters and leaflets with
informative messages. ISNA delivered training activities against trafficking and
commercial sexual exploitation
to the competent authorities. Training was
provided for court, police, tax, protection and migration employees. Material on
methods
and types of trafficking in persons and the commercial sexual
exploitation of children and adolescents was also circulated to Salvadoran
consulates and forums involving Salvadoran communities abroad. ISDEMU also
delivered this type of programme and, at the time of this
report, 2,514 male and
female National Civil Police officers benefited from awareness seminars on
commercial sexual exploitation
and basic courses against domestic violence. The
Ministry of Education implemented a pilot project for schools entitled
"Preventing
the trafficking of children and adolescents and raising awareness of
sexual and reproductive health”, delivered in educational
establishments
trained 400 teachers, more than half the total of 701; the campaign was
delivered to 28,040 students and their families
and 66 schools, with the staging
of five plays and the production of material such as flyers.
- With
regard to programmes for the assistance and rehabilitation of children who have
been victims of sexual exploitation or trafficking
in persons, ISDEMU has been
implementing a programme aimed at girls and adolescents who are victims of
commercial sexual exploitation
since 2004. Under this scheme, girls are provided
with psychological support, monitoring by social services, support in court
cases,
medical care through the national health system and training in
productive skills for their subsequent reintegration in society,
such as baking
and make-up artistry. ISDEMU’s institutional budget covers funds invested
in victim support (technical resources,
infrastructure, resource training, food,
materials, transport, essential items, medicinal products, victim training and
identity
documents). ISDEMU also manages the allocation of funds to fight
trafficking in persons and delivers awareness campaigns through
co-operation
agencies such as the Resource Foundation, ILO-IPEC, UNICEF and the Spanish
Agency for International Cooperation (SAIC).
Similarly ISNA deploys a technical
team of solicitors, social workers and psychologists whose work is to provide
direct assistance
to victims. The team is supported by nursing staff, doctors
and instructors. ISNA also runs a shelter for victims. The assistance
programme
offers medical assessment, psycho-social counselling, provision of clothing,
personal hygiene accessories, food, recreation
and family contact and
international negotiation for repatriation.
- Inter-institutional
working parties have been set up within the field of assistance for victims of
commercial sexual exploitation.
The code of criminal procedure has also been
reformed to prevent children who have been the victims of crimes becoming
victims again.
Reforms include the early taking of statements from the boy or
girl; being accompanied by their parents or a professional psychologist
to court
hearings; having no physical contact with the aggressor - and protecting the
identity of victims under 18 years of age.
- One
of the aims of ISNA is the eradication of commercial sexual exploitation and
other forms of sexual exploitation of persons under
18 years of age. It conducts
its work through three branches and nine local offices while also providing
shelter and care for victims.
The number of victims assisted due to sexual abuse
in the last three years and the proportion they represent of the remaining
population
protected by ISNA are detailed in the following table:
- Details
of ages, gender and nationality of victims of commercial sexual exploitation
assisted by ISNA during 2005 and 2006 are given
in the following
tables.
Figure 65
Victims of trafficking in persons, forms of commercial
sexual exploitation, assisted by ISNA (2005)
Age range
|
Female
|
Male
|
Total
|
Country of nationality
|
Total
|
age 3 to < 6
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
Belize
|
1
|
age 9 to < 12
|
4
|
|
4
|
Guatemala
|
1
|
age 12 to < 15
|
29
|
|
29
|
Honduras
|
2
|
age 15 to < 18
|
38
|
2
|
40
|
Nicaragua
|
4
|
age 18 and over
|
3
|
|
3
|
El Salvador
|
70
|
Total
|
75
|
3
|
78
|
Total
|
78
|
Figure 66
Victims of trafficking in persons, forms of commercial
sexual exploitation, assisted by ISNA (2006)
Age range
|
Female
|
Male
|
Total
|
Country of nationality
|
Total
|
age 0 to < 3
|
1
|
|
1
|
Guatemala
|
6
|
age 9 to < 12
|
6
|
|
6
|
Honduras
|
2
|
aged12 to < 15
|
30
|
|
30
|
Nicaragua
|
4
|
age 15 to < 18
|
43
|
|
43
|
El Salvador
|
70
|
age 18 and over
|
2
|
|
2
|
Total
|
82
|
Total
|
82
|
|
82
|
- ISNA
dedicates a good proportion of its efforts to programmes for the assisting and
rehabilitating child victims of sexual exploitation
or trafficking with the aim
of restoring their rights involving the family and local networks. It has run
local campaigns for the
prevention of commercial sexual exploitation and
trafficking in persons, with teaching material, posters, advertising billboards
and moving billboards on buses. IPEC/ILO has funded and implemented projects for
the prevention of commercial sexual exploitation
and victim support for the
National Civil Police (PNC), ISNA, Office of the Public Prosecutor of the
Republic (FGR) and non-governmental
organizations.
- Trafficking
in persons is classed as a crime in Article 367-B of the Criminal Code, which
establishes the following:
Anyone who, of their own initiative or
as a member of a national or international organization, for the purposes of
financial gain,
recruits, transports, transfers, shelters or harbours persons,
within or outside national territory, in order to engage in any activity
related
to sexual exploitation or to keep them in forced labour or service or practices
similar to slavery, or for the purposes of
organ removal, fraudulent adoption or
forced marriage, shall be liable to imprisonment for a term of four to eight
years. The maximum
applicable penalty shall be increased by up to one third when
the victim is under 18 years of age or incompetent.
- As
stated above, the Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic is responsible
for managing the investigation of the offence
and bringing a criminal action
with the cooperation of the National Civil Police. Investigations of this type
of offence are instigated
automatically, because they are categorized as crimes
against humanity under the Salvadoran Legal system. The Office of the Public
Prosecutor of the Republic sets up an Illegal Trafficking in Persons Unit in
2003 to offer specialized assistance for this type of
offence. This unit is in
charge of investigating all forms of trafficking and trading in persons. The
Office of the Public Prosecutor
of the Republic is a member of the National
Committee Against Trafficking Persons, set up in 2005 with the aim of handling
the crime
of trafficking holistically through a national policy and plan for the
eradication of this crime, in accordance with obligations
entered into by the
State of El Salvador when it ratified international instruments on the
subject.
- Over
the reporting period, the Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic opened
the following investigations into cases of crimes
relating to trading and
trafficking in persons:
Figure 67
Trading and trafficking in children cases.
Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic. (2004
– 2006)
|
Age of victim and number of offences
|
Total
|
Age 0-10
|
Age 11-18
|
2004
|
Illegal Trafficking in persons
|
40
|
48
|
88
|
Total
|
42
|
51
|
93
|
2005
|
Illegal trafficking in persons
|
7
|
21
|
28
|
Trade in persons
|
5
|
10
|
15
|
Total
|
12
|
35
|
47
|
|
Sale of persons
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Illegal trafficking in persons
|
9
|
27
|
36
|
Trade in persons
|
2
|
18
|
20
|
Total
|
11
|
49
|
60
|
- See
annex XX for more information on trafficking in persons.
- El
Salvador has implemented various measures to combat the scourge of kidnapping,
beginning with the adoption of penal reforms that
entered into force in 2001,
when the criminal penalties were increased. This crime was punished by
imprisonment for 20 to 30 years
and, as of the reform, the penalty was increased
from 30 to 45 years of imprisonment and it is now forbidden to grant the
prisoner
conditional release or early conditional release. Similarly, it was
established that when the victim is under 18 years of age, this
aggravating
circumstance may increase the sentence by up to a third of the maximum sentence.
- With
regard to the legal prosecution of the crimes of kidnapping and trafficking in
persons for the period 2004–2006, magistrates
courts dealt with 42 cases,
preliminary investigation courts dealt with 30 cases and trial courts dealt with
five cases. The details
are given below:
Figure
68
Statistical data of all cases involving minor victims of
kidnapping and trafficking
in persons in the 24 Magistrates Courts
equipped with the Case Monitoring System.
Magistrates Courts
|
Total
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Total
|
Kidnapping
|
Total
|
Kidnapping
|
Trafficking in persons
|
Total
|
Kidnapping
|
Trafficking in persons
|
Total
|
42
|
21
|
21
|
9
|
3
|
6
|
12
|
10
|
2
|
Average per court
|
2
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
Figure 69
Statistical data of all cases involving minor victims of
kidnapping and trafficking
in persons in the 30 Preliminary
Investigation Courts equipped with the Case Monitoring System.
Preliminary investigation courts
|
Total
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Total
|
Kidnap-ping
|
Aggravated kidnap-ping
|
Total
|
Kidnap-ping
|
Aggravated kidnap-ping
|
Trafficking in persons
|
Total
|
Kidnap-ping
|
Aggravated kidnap-ping
|
Trafficking in persons
|
Trafficking in persons
|
Total
|
30
|
1
|
1
|
4
|
9
|
3
|
3
|
3
|
20
|
7
|
3
|
9
|
1
|
Average per court
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
Figure 70
Statistical data of all cases involving minor victims of
kidnapping and trafficking in persons
in the eight Trial Courts
equipped with the Case Monitoring System.
Trial courts
|
Total
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Total
|
Total
|
Total
|
Kidnapping
|
Trafficking in persons
|
Totals
|
5
|
-
|
-
|
5
|
3
|
2
|
Average per court
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
- El
Salvador runs a Shelter for Victims of Trafficking in persons, which began to
operate on 29 April 2006. It is being coordinated
by the General Directorate for
Migration and Aliens, together with Fundación Huellas, with the support
of the Inter-Institutional
Subcommittee, part of the National Committee against
Trafficking in Persons and the IOM. From May to December 2006, 51 children were
offered comprehensive assistance in the above shelter, most of them female and
Salvadoran.
Figure 71
Victims of trafficking, assisted at the shelter of the
Directorate General for Migration
(May to December 2006)
Nationality
|
Number
|
Gender
|
Number
|
Age range
|
Number
|
El Salvador
|
26
|
Male
|
4
|
0 - 3
|
5
|
Nicaragua
|
10
|
Female
|
56
|
4 - 6
|
3
|
Mexico
|
9
|
|
7 - 9
|
3
|
Guatemala
|
6
|
10 - 12
|
6
|
Honduras
|
5
|
13 - 15
|
6
|
Colombia
|
4
|
16 - 18
|
28
|
|
19 - 21
|
4
|
22 - 24
|
3
|
25 - 27
|
2
|
28 - 30
|
0
|
Over 30
|
0
|
Total 60
|
- In
2005, the General Directorate for Migration and Aliens returned 36 boys and 16
girls aged between 20 days and 17 years to their
countries of origin. During
2006, 28 boys and 27 girls aged between 7 months and 17 years were returned. As
a general rule, the reasons
for deportation were family reunification, the
repatriation of victims of trafficking, and migration documents not being in
order.
The children's nationalities are detailed in the following
tables.
Figure 72
Minors returning to their countries of origin
(2005)
Country of origin
|
Number of children
|
Guatemala
|
10
|
Nicaragua
|
15
|
Honduras
|
25
|
Mexico
|
2
|
Ecuador
|
2
|
Belize
|
2
|
Bolivia
|
1
|
Total
|
57
|
Figure 73
Minors returning to their countries of origin
(2006)
Country of origin
|
Number of children
|
United States
|
4
|
Mexico
|
22
|
Nicaragua
|
4
|
Honduras
|
18
|
Cuba
|
1
|
Guatemala
|
6
|
Total
|
56
|
- El
Salvador has established cooperation agreements on migration with countries in
the region of Central America and Mexico through
the Care Protocols and
Memoranda of Understanding and also through a Repatriation Reference System
between migration bodies, consulates
and child protection institutions.
C. Refugee children
- According
to information from the General Directorate for Migration and Aliens, over the
last three years El Salvador has granted
refugee status to 3 girls and 1 boy of
Colombian origin forming part of family groups.
D.
Children in conflict with justice
- The
legislation applicable to minors who are alleged to have committed crimes is the
Juvenile Criminal Justice
Act,[44] Law on Surveillance
and Control of Execution of Measures for Young Offenders, and the General
Regulation of Centres of Internment
for Young Offenders, and also the law
regulating Executive Body institutions responsible for designing and applying
children's and
youth policies, particularly the ISNA.
- The
Juvenile Criminal Justice Act establishes the specialized jurisdiction of Youth
Magistrates, who are responsible for applying
a special procedure for the
judging and handing down of criminal penalties to persons aged over 12 and under
18 who are alleged to
have broken the law, and also for the rights and
guarantees to which such people are entitled. Children aged between 16 and 18
are
only subject to the following measures laid down in the Juvenile Criminal
Justice Act: social and family guidance and support, reprimand;
imposition of
rules of conduct; community service; probation; and imprisonment as a final
resort. Children over 12 and under 16 are
subject to the same measures and
also some of those laid down in article 45 of the Law of the Salvadoran
Institute for Full Development
of Children and Adolescents (ISNA): namely return
home with or without supervision; foster care placement; substitute care
placement
and institutional placement.
- Various
reforms were introduced to the Juvenile Offenders Act by means of Legislative
Decree No 395 of 28 July 2004, published in
Official Gazette No 143, Volume 364
of 30 July 2004. The main changes were as follows:
- The
name of the Juvenile Offenders Act was changed to the Juvenile Criminal Justice
Act (LPJ);
- The
system of protection for minors’ rights to identity and privacy was
changed, amending Article 5 (b), which prohibits the
publication of information
that directly or indirectly makes their identification possible, without
prejudice to the exception laid
down in Article 25 of the Act. Two paragraphs
were introduced under which the competent magistrate may - as of right or upon
the
application of one party - authorize the publication of information on the
minor’s likeness or identity in order to facilitate
his or her location in
cases of evasion from justice and in the presence of serious objective risk to
the safety of victims, witnesses
or any other person. The measure is to be
suspended once the minor has been located and handed over to the competent
authority;
- Article
30 regulating provisions prohibiting the police from keeping criminal records
was amended and replaced by another entitled
“Registration”. This
reform upheld the above prohibition, except in cases determined by the Office of
the Public Prosecutor
of the Republic or the competent magistrate. It also
establishes that storing of the records will be confidential and only for
purposes
strictly related to court proceedings, though records will be
accessible to duly authorized persons directly participating in current
trial
proceedings and will not be used in trials of adults relating to cases in which
the same person could be involved;
- The
rights of victims or the injured parties are extended by an amendment to Article
51, incorporating the following rights: i) to
be informed of the results of the
proceedings and the follow-up to the final outcome, irrespective of whether or
not they have played
a part in the proceedings; ii) to play a part in
conciliation, withdrawal and hearing of the case and also in any other hearings
that affect their interests, in accordance with the terms of this Act; iii) to
contest the discharge, acquittal or cessation of the
proceedings, even when they
have not played a part in the trial; iv) not to have to reveal their identity or
that of their relatives
under certain circumstances; v) to be provided with
protective measures, and vi) to receive medical or psychological assistance,
where required;
- A
point was added to Article 58 specifically establishing that the Salvadoran
Institute for Full Development of Children and Adolescents
is the body
responsible for administering minors’ certificates and ensuring they are
accessible and comply with the purposes
for which they were created;
- The
crimes allowing mediation were restricted, amending Article 59 that originally
allowed conciliation for all types of crimes or
petty offences, except for those
affecting broader interests. When the reform was approved, mediation was
prohibited for the following
crimes: i) manslaughter and murder; ii)
extortion; iii) crimes of deprivation of liberty, kidnapping and aggravated
offences against
individual liberty; iv) crimes relating to sexual liberty; v)
crimes that affect broader interests of society - and vi) crimes committed
by
minors who have reconciled the same class of intentional offence;
- The
maximum term for carrying out preliminary investigations was extended from
30 days to 60 days through the reform of Article 68;
- Under
the reform of Article 103, decisions that previously granted the right to
special appeal only if they affected the rights of
the defendant, can now also
be appealed against if they are contrary to the interests of the Office of the
Public Prosecutor of the
Republic. These decisions are as follows: i) decisions
imposing or denying an interim measure; ii) decisions imposing or denying
joinder of causes of action; iii) decisions ordering the merit of holding a case
hearing or denying it. The right of appeal was also
extended to decisions that
impose a fine for infringement of the Juvenile Criminal Justice Act;
- Article
14 establishing the punishment of a fine for breach of obligations was amended,
clarifying that the said breach could be committed
not only by the official in
charge of applying and complying with this Act but also a public employee,
public authority or agent
of authority;
- A
specific procedure was established for imposing fines, because previously the
only instruction was to follow the procedure laid
down in the Code of Criminal
Procedure, through the amendment of Article 117;
- The
responsibility for administering Intermediate Imprisonment Centres was changed
by the reform of Article 119. The intermediate
centres were established to
comply with the detention order for those over 18 years of age who require
special treatment or whose
presence at the centre could be prejudicial to
minors. Like the other prisons, these centres came under the responsibility of
ISNA,
but under the terms of the reform issued through Legislative Decree
No 20 of 15 June 2006, published in Official Gazette No 126,
Volume 372, of
7 July 2006, responsibility for them passed to the Executive Body in the
Government Branch.
- The
Juvenile Justice Unit of the Supreme Court of Justice produced a report
analysing the statistical data, which showed the good
results achieved under the
juvenile criminal justice system. These data and analyses were circulated during
the course of 2006 through
lectures, forums, seminars and other education and
training events to judicial operators and other target groups relating to the
juvenile criminal justice system. The statistical data produced by the Supreme
Court of Justice indicate that the number of crimes
attributed to minors has
fallen by approximately 10 per cent compared to the years before the entry into
force of this specialized
criminal justice system. In 1994, the Ministry of
Justice records showed that 15% of crimes were attributed to persons aged over
16 and under 18;[45] while
this percentage fell to 5.82% during the period from January 2000 to June
2006.
Figure 74
Crime attributed to minors compared to adult crime
Criminal proceedings brought before criminal courts and
juvenile courts (2000 to June 2006)
Adults
|
Minors
|
% of adults
|
% of total
|
340,477
|
19,819
|
5.82
|
5.50
|
Source: Supreme Court of Justice.
http://www.csj.gob.sv/idioma.htm/Estadísticas.
- Another
significant result of the criminal justice system is the relatively widespread
practice of dejudicialization, in other words
the application of outcomes
alternative to the judicial process allowed under current law, including:
mediation (LPJ; Article 59);
referral to community programmes (Article 37);
waiver of the right of action (art. 70), only for illegal acts punishable by
imprisonment
for a minimum term of under three years; and action for an
injunction due to the exclusion of responsibility, withdrawal or other
legal
proceedings (Article 38).
- This
practice of dejudicialization may take place, at least partly, with the
following information.
Figure 75
Cases entering and alternative dispute resolution
mechanisms. Period 2000 – 2004
Cases entering
|
Alternative dispute resolution
mechanisms
|
Number
|
Number
|
Percentage
|
15,402
|
11,862
|
77
|
Source: Administrative Systems Unit. Supreme Court of Justice
(CSJ)
- Note
that during the period 2000-2004, out of a total of 15,402 cases entering the
Juvenile Court, 11,862 – or 77% – culminated
in an alternative
dispute resolution mechanism.
- Another
important achievement of the juvenile criminal justice system is the less
frequent use of custodial sentences, both as an
interim measure and as a
punishment or definitive sentence, as the following table
shows.
Figure 76
Types of measure imposed. Period: 1 January 2002 – 31
Aug 2004
Type of Measure
|
Number
|
Percentage
|
Definitive measure
|
1,065
|
100.00
|
Imprisonment
|
284
|
26.67
|
Non-custodial
|
781
|
73.33
|
Interim measure
|
4,458
|
100.00
|
Imprisonment
|
1,706
|
38.27
|
Non-custodial
|
2,752
|
61.73
|
Source: Administrative Systems Unit, Supreme Court of Justice
- Over
the period 1 January 2002 to 31 August 2004, out of a total of 1065 definitive
measures handed down, 284 (26.67%) involved imprisonment,
while 781 (73.33%)
were measures that did not involve custodial
sentences.[46] Over the same
period, out of a total of 4,458 interim
measures[47] imposed, 1,706
(38.27%) were imprisonment, while 2,752, or 61.73%, did not involve custodial
sentences. Statistics recorded previously
by the Courts for the Enforcement of
Measures on Juvenile Offenders confirmed this encouraging practice of imposing
fewer custodial
sentences, as may be seen in the following
table.
Figure 77
Custodial and non-custodial measures under the control of
Courts for the Enforcement of Measures on Juvenile Offenders. Period 1995
– 2002
Courts
|
Imprisonment
|
Non-custodial measures
|
Totals
|
1st Court of Enforcement of Measures of San Salvador
|
60
|
100
|
160
|
2nd Court of Enforcement of Measures of San Salvador
|
80
|
277
|
257
|
Court of Enforcement of Measures of Santa Ana
|
98
|
112
|
210
|
Court of Enforcement of Measures of Santa Miguel
|
31
|
115
|
146
|
Court of Enforcement of Measures of San Vicente
|
36
|
62
|
98
|
Totals
|
305
|
666
|
971
|
Percentages
|
31.4%
|
68.9%
|
100%
|
Source: Attorney-General’s Office for the Protection of Human
Rights, Human Rights of Children and Young People - Compendium of decisions
and
special reports on children and young people, San Salvador, 2004
- With
regard to the application of youth justice administration, the Office of the
Public Prosecutor of the Republic set up the Department
of Juvenile Crime in
March 1995, recruiting a group of prosecutors and training them in the
application of the special legal system
applicable to children in conflict with
the law. This special training enabled the Prosecutor to guarantee the set of
rights and
guarantees designed to assist children accused of breaking the law.
These rights must be guaranteed from the beginning of the investigation
or, if
applicable, when the minor is located and placed under the order of the
Prosecutor. From that moment, the minor is guaranteed
the right to a defence
counsel, which takes effect when the minor is summoned by the specialist
prosecutor through the juvenile criminal
justice process, who from that time
orders the separation of captured adults and minors in preventive custody. In
the same way, in
line with domestic law, the principles and provisions laid down
in the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the United Nations
Guidelines for
the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (Riyadh Guidelines) and the United
Nations Standard Minimum rules for the Administration
of Juvenile Justice
(Beijing Rules) are taken into consideration.
- It
should be emphasized that the juvenile justice process is extremely short
because the Prosecutor's office is allowed only 60 days
to conduct the
investigation. Once the minor has been located and placed into the order of the
Prosecutor, he or she must therefore
be brought before a judge within 72 hours.
The judge must hold a hearing to formulate the charges, when any appropriate
cautionary
measure is handed down. The main aim of this is to guarantee an
education in responsibility as established by the guiding principle
of the
Juvenile Criminal Justice Act, in harmony at all times with the relevant tenets
of the Convention on the Rights of the Child
and the best interests of the
child. Within 60 days, a criminal action is brought and if an alternative
dispute settlement mechanism
is not forthcoming, the process culminates in a
case hearing, at which it is always preferable to impose the measure that is
most
likely to re-educate the minor in conflict with the law.
- The
Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic keeps a register of criminal
offences allegedly committed by persons under 18
years of age. In 2006, out of
a total of 7,953 person under 18 years of age who were investigated by the
Office of the Attorney General,
6,678 were detained for the purposes of
judgement and 1,275 were not ordered to be taken into custody because this
restriction was
not justified, as indicated in the following
table:
Figure 78
Type of detention for persons under 18 (2006)
|
Total
|
Detention in flagrante delicto
Interim detention
Administrative detention
Detention with court order
No detention
|
6,574
53
48
3
1,275
|
Total
|
7,953
|
- See
annex XXI for other cases.
- As
far as the judgement of children in conflict with the law is concerned, during
2004-2006, 12,575 children were tried in specialized
juvenile courts, most of
whom were male, as shown in the following
table:
Figure 79
Persons under 18 years of age tried in juvenile courts at
national level, by gender and age
Description
|
Total
|
Grand total
|
Subtotals by year
|
Subtotals by gender
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
M
|
F
|
Total
|
12,575
|
4,469
|
3,855
|
4,251
|
11,437
|
1,138
|
4,130
|
339
|
3,526
|
329
|
3,781
|
470
|
Aged under 12
|
18
|
6
|
5
|
7
|
14
|
4
|
4
|
2
|
4
|
1
|
6
|
1
|
Age 12
|
164
|
49
|
60
|
55
|
142
|
22
|
37
|
12
|
56
|
4
|
49
|
6
|
Age 13
|
430
|
146
|
141
|
143
|
373
|
57
|
133
|
13
|
124
|
17
|
116
|
27
|
Age 14
|
951
|
340
|
268
|
343
|
830
|
121
|
296
|
44
|
234
|
34
|
300
|
43
|
Age 15
|
1,873
|
712
|
534
|
627
|
1,652
|
221
|
633
|
79
|
475
|
59
|
544
|
83
|
Age 16
|
3,483
|
1,304
|
983
|
1196
|
3185
|
298
|
1,209
|
95
|
911
|
72
|
1,065
|
131
|
Age 17
|
5,656
|
1,912
|
1,864
|
1,880
|
5,241
|
415
|
1818
|
94
|
1722
|
142
|
1701
|
179
|
- According
to the Juvenile Criminal Justice Act, children who are tried may be subject to
interim or definitive measures other than
imprisonment , as shown in the
following table:
Figure 80
Statistical data on interim and definitive measures handed
down to minors
in Juvenile Courts at national level
Juvenile courts
|
|
Total
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Total
|
Interim
|
Definitive
|
Interim
|
Definitive
|
Interim
|
Definitive
|
Interim
|
Definitive
|
Totals
|
5,843
|
4,521
|
1,322
|
1,337
|
354
|
1,425
|
444
|
1,759
|
524
|
- Interim
and definitive custodial sentences by specialised courts for minors during the
period are shown in the following table:
Figure
81
Statistical data on interim and definitive custodial
measures handed down
to minors in Juvenile Courts at national
level
Juvenile courts
|
Total
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Total
|
Interim
|
Definitive
|
Interim
|
Definitive
|
Interim
|
Definitive
|
Interim
|
Definitive
|
Total
|
1,790
|
1,424
|
366
|
402
|
86
|
440
|
131
|
582
|
149
|
- Children
in conflict with the law found guilty of committing a punishable offence are
detailed in the following table:
Figure 82
Number of minors sentenced or found guilty in Juvenile
Courts at national level
|
Juvenile courts
|
Total
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Total
|
1,085
|
281
|
376
|
428
|
- During
the period 2004-2006, more than 3,600 children accused of breaking the law were
reported to ISNA, as shown in the following
table.
Figure 83
Total population covered, classified according to gender
(2004, 2005 and 2006)
Gender
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Adolescents
|
%
|
Adolescents
|
%
|
Adolescents
|
%
|
Female
|
121
|
9.3%
|
101
|
9%
|
79
|
7%
|
Male
|
1,187
|
90.7%
|
1,069
|
91%
|
1,102
|
93%
|
Total
|
1,308
|
100%
|
1,170
|
100%
|
1,181
|
100%
|
- The
minors reported to ISNA were referred to Rehabilitation Centres or followed up
by ISNA to monitor the alternative measures imposed
by the Juvenile
Courts.
Figure 84
Total Population in the care of the ISNA Rehabilitation
Subsystem by care area, 2004– 2006
Care area
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Young people
|
%
|
Young people
|
%
|
Young people
|
%
|
Rehabilitation centres
|
1,206
|
92.2%
|
1,111
|
95%
|
1,113
|
94%
|
Alternative measures
|
102
|
7.8%
|
59
|
5%
|
68
|
6%
|
Total
|
1,308
|
100%
|
1,170
|
100%
|
1,181
|
100%
|
- ISNA
detention centres have a capacity for a total of 760 minors, as follows:
Tonacatepeque, 460; El Espino, 100; Ilobasco Centre
(male) 150; and Ilobasco
Centre (female), 50.
- At
the time of writing, 487 people were in custody, as shown in the following
table:
Figure 85
Minors and persons over 18 detained in ISNA Detention
Centres. (June 2007) *
Population/Age
|
Aged 18 and over
|
Aged under 18
|
Over-18s in the Intermediate Centre, in compliance
with Article 119 of the Juvenile Criminal Justice Act
|
Male definitive inmates
|
153
|
129
|
30
|
Female definitive inmates
|
8
|
5
|
Interim male inmates
|
19
|
154
|
Interim female inmates
|
2
|
17
|
Subtotal
|
182
|
305
|
Total per centre
|
487
|
*These include young people serving custodial sentences who committed crimes
when they were minors. In other words, they have passed
their 18th birthdays and
are still serving their custodial sentences.
- The
four rehabilitation centres employ a total of 196 staff. These staff members
have been duly trained by ISNA and external bodies
to perform their functions.
- Minors
under the responsibility of the ISNA take part in programmes of reintegration,
teaching or vocational training and also programmes
of formal education,
recreation, culture, health and vocational training in accordance with the
Juvenile Criminal Justice Act and
the Detention Centre Regulation. The Centres
also run therapy and Alcoholics Anonymous communities. At the date of this
report, 42
people were taking part in special rehabilitation programmes
involving supervised release. Due to the reintegration programmes, the
percentage of reoffenders is 27%. Minors in conflict with the law also benefit
from programmes run by the National Youth Secretariat,
such as the Granja
Escuela Izalco, mentioned previously, ‘deportevías’
(street sports) events held in Offenders’ Centres and the Nehemías
Project, when 97 in people in conflict with
the law are offered reintegration
opportunities.
- More
than 10,500 children have been offered special rehabilitation care by ISNA and
NGOs authorised by the Institute.
Figure
86
Number of children offered special rehabilitation
care
Table showing population cared for in centres and
shelters run by NGOs and ISNA
|
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
NGOs
|
2,520
|
2,464
|
2,765
|
ISNA
|
939
|
955
|
930
|
|
3,459
|
3,419
|
3,695
|
Source: Child Information System and reports of ISNA regional
branches.
- The
National Youth Secretariat has also run various schemes to prevent juvenile
delinquency, such as the Juvenile Rescue Centre Project,
which looks after 80
gang members, located in las Primaveras, Quezaltepeque, las Brisas, Colonia IVU;
or the Solidarity Support Project,
which seeks to establish a culture of social
solidarity between young people in situations of high-risk and vulnerability.
One project
worthy of particular mention is the Youth Secretariat’s
Mano Extendida (Outstretched Hand) project which sets out to rehabilitate
young people by educating them and integrating them into society and the
employment market, isolating them from antisocial behaviour and high-risk
environments. This project runs schemes and plans with
the aim of preventing
young Salvadorans from becoming involved in violence or criminal activities,
joining gangs, truanting from
schools, becoming drug addicts or destitute or
having underage pregnancies. The programme diagnoses young people affected by
violence,
gangs, truancy, drugs, destitution and underage pregnancy and maps out
strategic partners for preventing risk in young people. It
supports young people
at risk and in conflict with the law, runs violence-prevention activities in
schools and communities and establishes
alliances for this purpose with
strategic partners.
- ISNA
has also established a procedure for supervising of detention centres with the
aim of ensuring that they operate more effectively
and to prevent any
infringement of the human rights of children and adolescents under its
responsibility. In accordance with its
functions, the ISNA Monitoring and
Evaluation Department is responsible for:
- Examining
the documents of private agencies legally registered and authorised to shelter
children and adolescents with the aim of
finding out the background and working
context of these institutions and checking that they possess working plans,
forms for entering
information in the Child Information System (SIPI), and an
agreement with the ISNA Steering Board to allow the work of monitoring
and
evaluation;
- Analysing
the working programmes, projects and plans of legally registered entities for
the purposes of comparing them with Childhood
Care Models drawn up by the
Registration and Supervision Division;
- Delimiting
supervision strategies for legally registered entities;
- Implementing
monitoring and evaluation processes for agencies requiring immediate and urgent
intervention to correct or rectify their
actions and establish spot monitoring
mechanisms for the entities involved;
- Preparing
reports with suggestions for reinforcing entities whose work is affected by
anomalies or shortcomings. Technical resources
are deployed for this purpose or
the necessary actions are promoted, including legal actions, to ensure that the
entities are able
to resolve their problems and shortcomings;
- Carrying
out checks on monitoring visits, half-yearly evaluations and reports, and
- Carrying
out an evaluation process every six months on legally registered agencies.
- ISNA
has run training courses for police and juvenile detention centre officials with
the aim of safeguarding the personal integrity
of children and adolescents under
its responsibility. Trained rehabilitation staff members include: 13 members of
technical teams
(psychologists, social and legal workers); 63 guidance
counsellors; 16 school teachers, and 15 workshop instructors. Eleven seminars
have been implemented, delivered by the Public Prosecutor’s Office For The
Protection Of Human Rights, and a degree course
for community teachers delivered
by the Universidad Don Bosco and UNICEF. The training courses offered an
opportunity to cover various
topics, including human rights, conflict resolution
and educational mediation, teamwork, public safety, accident protection for
children
and young people, techniques for evaluating sex offenders, occupational
accidents, HIV/AIDS and participation in local environmental
management.
- In
order to offer an educational response in line with the needs of all children,
especially those at social risk or educational disadvantage,
the Ministry of
Education set out four strategic lines of action in its National Education Plan
2021 that respond, support and guide
the needs of teachers and students and also
those of parents, with the aim of providing educational opportunities for girls
who are
victims of sexual exploitation. Action is taken both in educational
establishments and with teaching staff to care for children who
are victims of
sexual or abuse exploitation in this area. These include: inter-institutional
coordination; the management of educational
support for effective access to the
curriculum; the development of prevention programmes in educational
establishments through the
network of psychologists; the implementation of
strategies and measures to guarantee access to education, mainly for those in
situations
of risk; the design and development of processes of educational
guidance for teachers and information and awareness programmes aimed
at the
educational and non-educational community, which were broadcast on state
television Canal 10, in a programme entitled Franja de la Calidad
Educativa. Representatives of the various institutions making up the working
group on the commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents
took
part in these programmes.
- Various
activities were carried out with schools, namely: information campaigns against
the sexual abuse of children and adolescents,
with the aim of guiding students
to prevent any type of abuse that they may fall prey to in schools; prevention
programmes through
the network of psychologists and student support from the
social service of the Modular Open University; individual psychological
care for
those who require it. In some schools the care was more focused on students who
have been victims.
341. The following measures were taken with staff
of educational institutions, teachers and psychologists: discussions with the
aim
of preventing sexual abuse by the educational establishment; donations of
CDs and printed material from the ILO containing information
helping to prevent
sexual abuse within the school; specialized bibliographic material; support for
parents within the schools; regional
workshops with teachers - and access to
education within public institutions.
342. Measures taken in coordination with other institutions included:
handing-out of printed material; implementation of prevention
programmes by
agreement with private universities; discussions on the topic in schools, and
development of the topic with parents
in the schools.
E. Children subject to exploitation and the worst forms of
child labour
- The
Salvadoran Constitution states that children under 14 must continue with their
compulsory education by law and cannot be employed in any type of work. It
also
states that children under 16 may not work longer than six hours a day and
thirty-four weeks in any type of job. It also prohibits
children under 18 from
working in unhealthy and hazardous jobs or night-work.
- This
constitutional is enshrined in the Labour Code, specifically in Articles 105
(prohibition of persons under 18 years of age working
in hazardous jobs), 106
(definition of hazardous jobs), 107 (prohibition of children from working in
bars, restaurants, pool halls
or similar establishments), 108 (definition of
unhealthy jobs), 114 (prohibition of minors under fourteen from working), and
116
(working day and job restrictions for minors under the age of 16).
- Following
this legal imperative, and under its commitment to strengthen society and the
family, the Salvadoran government promoted
the setting-up of a social protection
network aiming to promote equal opportunities and the integration of vulnerable
groups in situations
of poverty, including children defined as being in
situations of child labour and those who are at risk or sexually exploited for
commercial purposes.
- According
to the 2003 Multipurpose Household Survey, the country’s population of
children aged between 5 and 17 is 1,986,286.
According to data in the
preliminary report "Entendiendo el trabajo infantil en El Salvador,
2003-2005"[48]
(Understanding child labour in El Salvador, 2003-2005) 288,221 children and
adolescents are working (paid and unpaid) in El Salvador.
In relative terms,
this represents 14.5% of the population of children aged 5 to
17.
Figure 87
Main reasons why parents allow their underage children to
work
|
Male
|
Female
|
Main reason why parents allow them to
work
|
Urban
|
Rural
|
Total
|
Urban
|
Rural
|
Total
|
Total
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
100.00
|
To supplement household income
|
34.6
|
39.5
|
37.9
|
36.0
|
53.3
|
43.8
|
To help in the family business
|
41.4
|
44.8
|
43.7
|
52.3
|
40.0
|
46.8
|
To support themselves
|
13.5
|
8.6
|
10.2
|
7.5
|
4.1
|
6.0
|
Not enough money for studies
|
4.6
|
2.6
|
3.2
|
0.9
|
0.9
|
1.2
|
Others
|
5.9
|
4.5
|
5.0
|
3.3
|
1.5
|
2.2
|
Source: DIGESTYC EHPM. Child Labour form, fourth quarter of 2003.
- It
is estimated that 46,657 children and adolescents have been prevented from
working and withdrawn from work through direct action
programmes, in
coordination with ILO/IPEC.
-
The fight against child labour is the main responsibility of the Ministry of
Employment and Social Security, which receives technical
and financial
cooperation from the IPEC/IOL programme and has earmarked the following
resources for this goal.
Figure 88
Ministry of employment and social security
Ministry of employment and social security contribution
tocombatting child labour
Dollars
|
Actions/year
|
2004
|
2005
|
2006
|
Total
|
Technical Committee
|
|
4,800.00
|
4,800.00
|
9,600.00
|
Agricultural inspection
(inspections of sugarcane farms)
|
14,285.0
|
14,285.0
|
14,285.0
|
42,855.0
|
“Prohibition of Hazardous Child Labour”
Community training
|
2,667.0
|
2,667.0
|
2,667.0
|
8,001.0
|
Building a website on child labour
|
4,000.0
|
|
|
4,000.0
|
Child labour unit
|
10,114.3
|
10,114.3
|
10,114.4
|
30,343.0
|
Loans to workers’ centres
|
3,667.0
|
3,667.0
|
3,667.0
|
11,001.0
|
Careers workshops
|
|
1,000.0
|
|
1,000.0
|
Employment mediation
|
|
|
1,000.0
|
1,000.0
|
TOTAL
|
34,733.3
|
36,533.3
|
36,533.4
|
107,800.0
|
|
|
|
|
|
INSAFORP
|
6,667.0
|
6,666.0
|
6,667.0
|
20,000.0
|
- El
Salvador adopted the following measures with the aim of eradicating child labour
in the country and effectively complying with
the commitments it assumed on
ratification of ILO Convention 182:
- In
2000, El Salvador become one of the first countries in the world to ratify ILO
Convention 182 of 1999 concerning the prohibition
and immediate action for the
elimination of the worst forms of child labour;
- The
government signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the ILO on 13 June 1996 and
renewed this on 25 November 2009. In this it
ratified its national commitment
against child labour and laid the bases for receiving technical cooperation to
help devise a National
Plan against Child Labour;
- The
Government Plan drawn up by the President Elías Antonio Saca included a
commitment to “pursue efforts to eradicate
child labour” within the
area of Social and Family Reinforcement;
- A
participative effort by the entire country made it possible to devise and launch
a National Plan against the Worst Forms of Child
Labour
2006-2009;
- In
2002, a National Committee for the Eradication of the Worst Forms of Child
Labour was set up by the Ministry of Employment and
Social Security,
subsequently formalized by Executive Order No 66 of 16 June
2005,[49] and a Technical
Committee was appointed to support the work of the National Committee for the
Eradication of the Worst Forms of Child
Labour;
- The
struggle against child labour was incorporated in the 2021 Education Plan from
2004;
- On 18
February 2005, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock signed a Memorandum of
Understanding with the ILO, , setting out new
commitments by the El Salvador
Government, most specifically relating to efforts to eradicate child labour in
farming;
- The
Ministry of Employment and Social Security worked in cooperation with ILO-IPEC
to implement programmes aimed at working children
and their family groups.
Funding of $ 370,000 was allocated to measures in vocational training and other
areas;
- A
permanent form on child labour was developed and incorporated into the
Multipurpose Household Survey (EHPM). In 2001, at the request
of ILO-IPEC, a
special form on child labour was developed within the EHPM. The General
Directorate for Statistics and Censuses of
the Ministry of the Economy
subsequently incorporated it as a permanent form from 2005;
- Child
labour variables were permanently incorporated into the Ministry of
Education’s School Enrolment Census from 2004;
- Workbooks
were developed for fourth, fifth and sixth grade elementary school pupils to
prompt them to reflect on the special conditions
of children working in the
country. A total of 3,000 exercise books were delivered;
- Training
courses were developed for teachers on catering for the educational needs of
working children;
- 35
local and municipal committees were set up for monitoring child labour, mainly
in the municipalities of Sonsonate, Jiquilisco,
Usulután and
Jucuarán;
- Micro-enterprise
initiatives were fostered in communities with the highest rates of child
labour;
- A
Child Labour Unit was set up within the Ministry of Employment and Social
Security on 25 November 2002, and also within the General
Directorate of
Statistics and Censuses;
- Training
courses on child labour were held by the Ministry of Employment and Social
Security within the framework of institution-building.
These were aimed at
technical staff from various public institutions that make up the Technical
Committee for the Eradication of
the Worst Forms of Child Labour;
- Communication
and awareness campaigns on the subject of child labour were rolled out
nationwide through the media and other channels,
namely: posters, information
leaflets and talks. This awareness gained force when the current Government
entered office, in other
words from 2004;
- The
Unit for the Eradication of Child Labour was reinforced by recruiting five
technicians and also 10 employment inspectors who work
full-time to combat child
labour in its worst forms. This increase was made possible by a budget increase
of $2.5 million allocated
to the Ministry of Employment and Social Security in
2006. This was used to recruit a total of 106 new employment inspectors,
including
the 10 mentioned above. It is also important to emphasize that the
2006 recruitment campaign increased the total number of Ministry
of Employment
and Social Security inspectors to 159. All of them have been made aware of the
issues and have received training in
the care of minors affected by the scourge
of child labour in its worst forms;
- Government
backup has been provided to non-governmental organisations implementing projects
to encourage them to adopt procedures
and strategies for the eradication of
child labour;
- A
working party against the commercial sexual exploitation of children and
adolescents has led to greater openness and a multi-institutional
approach. This
was set up on 1 November 2004 and on 31 October 2006 an agreement was signed to
extend its operation for a further
two years;
- Greater
national and international coordination has been achieved to combat trafficking
and other crimes against children and adolescents;
- Support
has been given to the work of the Ministry of Education in its efforts to cater
for the special educational needs of the working
student population through
direct action programmes with education as their main thrust. The project is
also being implemented to
set up a total of 96 remedial classes that cater for
5,000 children rescued from high-risk jobs.
- During
2005 and 2006, a degree course in child labour was developed for university
lecturers. The course was taken by 25 lecturers
and administrators from the
Universidad Pedagógica de El Salvador.
- The
Solidarity Network programme was set up to care for the education and health of
poor families in the country’s most deprived
municipalities.[50]
- In
2005, the Government of El Salvador also began to deploy its
“Opportunities Plan”, which includes a set of social programmes
designed to significantly reduce extreme poverty, strengthen the infrastructure
of the poorest municipalities and extend the network
of basic services in terms
of coverage and quality. The programmes involved in the plan include
“Solidarity Network”
and “Microloans for Comprehensive
Development”, designed to offer direct benefit to 100,000 families from
the poorest
municipalities in the country. It is hoped that this venture will
help to rescue children working in the worst forms of child labour
because one
condition of the scheme is that financial transfers cannot be made directly to
families unless children in the beneficiary
household are enrolled at school and
attending regularly.
- One
of the main achievements over this period was the preparation and publication of
the “National Plan for the Eradication
of the Worst Forms of Child Labour
in El Salvador 2006-2009”, which was launched in September 2006. The plan
takes the form
of a strategic public management tool designed to guide national
efforts to eradicate the worst forms of child
labour.[51] As the plan is
implemented, it will help to comply with the undertakings assumed by El
Salvador, in line with the contents of the
White Paper, to guarantee that
nationally produced goods and services will be untainted by child labour. The
plan constitutes a State
tool of public policy to guide the efforts of all
institutions that make up the National Committee for the Eradication of the
Worst
Forms of Child Labour. As a sign of their good intent, the institutions
participating in the National Committee have already allowed
for the
implementation of National Plan undertakings in their operational plans and they
are drawing up action plans for the activities
that each will carry out during
2007. In order to ensure that the measures will be sustainable, the Plan also
seeks to guarantee
the necessary financial, physical, human, methodological and
technological resources for the implementing institutions to ensure
that they
are appropriate and sufficient to increase the coverage and quality of services
aiming to eradicate the worst forms of
child labour. The mission of the
2006-2009 National Plan is as follows: to be the key instrument for guiding
measures that will rid
the country of the worst forms of child labour; a country
where children can develop holistically, plan their futures and be offered
tangible opportunities for making their plans come true. The National Plan
contains seven strategic areas of action: reinforcement
of the legal framework;
institution-building; educational facilities; health care, recreation, culture
and sport; increasing income
and communication and social awareness. All these
contain specific goals and the governmental department responsible for each
area,
with the relevant timing
milestones.[52]
- In
its capacity as coordinator of the National Committee for the Eradication of the
Worst Forms of Child Labour, the Ministry of Employment
and Social Security,
with the contribution of ILO-IPEC, is carrying out a set of direct action plans
that as we have seen take a
holistic approach. These have become strategic areas
of action of the National Plan for the Eradication of the Worst Forms of Child
Labour.
- Note
that assistance has also been given to the parents of children benefiting from
the Child Labour Eradication projects to ensure
support for the projects. The
figures shown in the tables below therefore reflect the number of measures
delivered to the children
and also to the parents of those children, with
services offering vocational training, income generation, literacy training,
medical
checkups, etc. It should be clarified that out of the total of 93,639
people and 7,098 children included in the tables, one child
and one parent
may have benefited from more than one service. In other words, these tables
reflect the number of beneficiaries per
service and are not an objective
indication of the number of children or parents. Information is also given on
direct action programmes
and the total numbers of children and adolescents
benefiting from those programmes.
Figure 89
Services offered to benefiting children
(October
2003-March 2007)
Type of service
|
Total
|
Boys
|
Girls
|
Total
|
93,639
|
54,710
|
38,929
|
Remedial classes
|
26,715
|
16,242
|
10,473
|
Vocational training
|
3,397
|
2,056
|
1,341
|
Psychological counselling
|
294
|
209
|
85
|
Health services
|
1,475
|
850
|
625
|
Diet
|
8,984
|
5,492
|
3,492
|
Educational books and materials
|
44,837
|
25,293
|
19,544
|
Wages
|
617
|
365
|
252
|
|
7,320
|
4,203
|
3,117
|
Source: Child Labour Eradication Unit.
Figure 90
Ministry of Employment and Social Security
Services offered to parents of benefiting children and
adolescents
(October 2003-March
2007)
Type of service
|
Total
|
Male
|
Female
|
Total
|
7,098
|
2,053
|
5,045
|
Vocational training
|
2,223
|
980
|
1,243
|
Income generation
|
375
|
30
|
345
|
Literacy training
|
928
|
337
|
591
|
Medical checks
|
816
|
259
|
557
|
|
2,756
|
447
|
2,309
|
Source: Child Labour Eradication Unit. Ministry of Employment and
Social Security
Figure 91
Projects delivered during stage 1 of the ILO-IPEC limited
duration programme (2002-2006)
Project name
Gradual eradication of child labour in the sugarcane sector within the
municipalities of Zacatecoluca, San Vicente, Tecoluca and Verapaz,
(OEF)
|
Sugar cane
|
Paracentral
|
2,073
|
Eradication of hazardous child labour in sugarcane production within the
municipalities of Aguilares, El Paisnal, Nejapa, Guazapa
and Suchitoto
(FUNDAZUCAR)
|
Sugar cane
|
North
|
2,036
|
Gradual eradication of child labour in the fisheries sector within the
municipalities of San Dionisio, Jucuarán y Usulután
(OEF)
|
Fisheries
|
East
|
1,910
|
Eradication of the worst forms of child labour in sugarcane growing in the
Department of Sonsonate, municipalities: Nahulingo, Izalco,
San Julián,
Armenia, CuisN’ahuatl and Sonsonate (FUSAL)
|
Sugar cane
|
West
|
1,858
|
Eradication of the worst forms of child labour: fisheries, Usulután
(FUSAL)
|
Fisheries
|
East
|
1,542
|
Institution-building project for the prevention, investigation and
prosecution of commercial sexual exploitation crimes against minors
(National
Civil Police (PNC)) (San Salvador).
|
Commercial
sexual
exploitation
|
Central
|
Institution-building
|
Helping to eradicate the worst forms of child labour (COMUS),
Usulután.
|
Fisheries
|
East
|
70
|
Preventing commercial sexual exploitation in the city of San Salvador.
(CONAMUS)
|
Commercial
sexual
exploitation
|
Central
|
200
|
Care for and withdrawal of victims of commercial sexual exploitation in the
city of San Miguel. (PADECOMSM)
|
Commercial
sexual
exploitation
|
East
|
32
|
Preventing the phenomenon of child commercial sexual exploitation in the
urban area of the city of San Miguel. (ISNA)
|
Commercial
sexual
exploitation
|
East
|
Institution-building
|
Eradication of child labour in Barranca Honda refuse tip in the
municipality of Chalchuapa, department of Santa Ana. (Fundación
Nehemías)
|
Refuse tips
|
West
|
40
|
Care for children in situations of child commercial sexual exploitation in
the municipality of San Salvador and its surroundings (ISDEMU)
|
Commercial
sexual
exploitation
|
Central
|
35
|
Gradual eradication of child labour in the waste sector within the
municipalities of San Luis Talpa, department of La Paz (OEF, El
Salvador).
|
Refuse tips
|
Paracentral
|
90
|
Gradual eradication of child labour in the Usulután markets.
(CRS)
|
Markets
|
East
|
|
Gradual eradication of child labour in the waste sector within the
municipality of Tecoluca, department of San Vicente. (OEF, El Salvador).
|
Refuse tips
|
Paracentral
|
68
|
Eradication of child labour in the sugarcane sector in the municipality of
Chalchuapa, department of La Paz. (OEF, El Salvador).
|
Refuse tips
|
West
|
169
|
Source: IPEC-ILO, El Salvador.
- During
the development of Direct Action Projects within the framework of stage one of
the Limited Duration Programme (above table),
the Ministry of Employment and
Social Security worked with the Implementing Agencies through its Unit for the
Eradication of Child
Labour (UETI) in order to achieve institutional
coordination and reach out to the people who benefit from such projects. These
coordination
measures included the following:
- Visits
to the project location. Unit technicians visited the direct action projects in
order to work and offer the institutional services
of the Ministry of Employment
and Social Security in addition to the government services offered by Members of
the National Committee
for the Eradication of the Worst Forms of Child
Labour;
- Institutional
backup to NGOs: to stimulate the appropriation of procedures and strategies for
the eradication of child labour. Discussions
and workshops were run with the
participation of ILO-IPEC;
- Talks
with the target communities. The UETI coordinated activities with the
Implementing Agencies as part of its aim of socialising
the National Plan for
the Eradication of the Worst Forms of Child Labour;
- Celebrations
for the International Day of the Child. During October 2006, the UETI, in
conjunction with FUNDAZUCAR, held celebrations
for the International Day of the
Child in various schools at national level, with cultural, sports and
recreational activities.
- The
Ministry of Employment and Social Security runs a training programme for
Employment Inspectors with the aim of increasing the
efficacy and efficiency of
institutional action. The topics covered include, for example, gender equality,
combating the commercial
sexual exploitation of children and adolescents and
systems for inspecting employment and discrimination at work.
- Annex
XXII sets out the topics covered in the “Continuing Development Programme
for Inspectors” throughout the period
2004–2007 and the number of
officials benefiting from the scheme.
F. Children
belonging to minorities or indigenous groups
- The
National Committee for Culture and Art (CONCULTURA) has set up an Indigenous
Affairs Unit, which has organised the following activities
in conjunction with
the Ministry of Education: the teaching of N’ahuatl in the microregion of
Sonsonate, in the Municipalities
of Juayúa, Nahuizalco,
Salcoatitán, Santa Isabel and Ishuatán; teaching of N’ahuatl
at Casas de la Cultura
de Santo Domingo de Guzmán in Sonsonate, and
Tacuba in Ahuachapán, an initiative of the private organization Institute
for the Preservation of the N’ahuatl Language (IRIN); preparation of texts
in N’ahuatl for the preservation of the language
and the setting-up of
clubs for N’ahuatl-speaking adults - and participation in the
“Bilingual Intercultural Education
in Central America” project
(indigenous education).
- The
Ministry of Education and CONCULTURA also jointly developed the Project for
Preservation of the N'ahuatl Language in El Salvador.
The project basically
consisted of drawing up a sociolinguistic map of El Salvador through local
research; the preparation of language
learning booklets; procedural guides for
language teaching - and the training of teachers from 25 schools in the
departments of Sonsonate
and Ahuachapán.
Linguistic
conferences were also held that led to new know-how and research into the
language.
- Achievements
of the above project, which has been ongoing since 2006 with the participation
of MINED, include:
a) Drawing up of a “Teacher Profile for
Bilingual Intercultural Education” and “Technical-Educational
Guidelines
for Bilingual Intercultural Education in Central America”,
awaiting approval;
b) Profile of Indigenous Peoples in El Salvador (CONCULTURA document /2004),
giving information on their historical background, their
current situation and
their future prospects.
- CONCULTURA
has worked on indigenous culture with the Salvadoran Institute for Women’s
Development (ISDEMU), including components
of promoting identity, indigenous
rights, traditional health and medicine, research and publications on indigenous
matters, support
for the development of indigenous women, etc.
- In
the area of literacy, 52% of participants in the Basic Literacy Programme for
adults are women, of which a significant percentage
of whom are indigenous women
from the Department of Sonsonate.
- An
equal opportunities plan has also been developed that involves 16 municipalities
from the Department of Sonsonate, where most of
the indigenous population is
concentrated: Sonsonate, Nahuizalco, Santo Domingo de Guzmán (which also
benefits from the Solidarity
Network Programme), Nahuilingo, Sonsacate, San
Antonio del Monte, Acajutla, Izalco, Armenia, San Julián, Santa Isabel
Ishuatán,
CuisN’ahuatl, Caluco, Juayúa, Santa Catarina
Masahuat and Salcoatitán.
In the area of gender equality, the
Indigenous Affairs Unit is working to implement the National Women's Policy in
two areas of action,
namely:
- The
Gender Information and Indicator System: gender and equality information and
indicators as established in the Fourth World Conference
on Women and the
Millennium Development Goals;
- Institution-building:
research into the situation of gender in El Salvador; changing the
discriminatory practices occurring in the
classroom and in community
dynamics.
- As
far as campaigns carried out for indigenous children are concerned, CONCULTURA
is developing the project “Revitalisation
of the N’ahuatl
language”, in conjunction with Universidad Don Bosco and MINED. The
following table shows the coverage
for children benefiting from the project
during the reporting period.
Figure 92
Pupils benefiting by school and municipality
Year
|
School
|
Municipality
|
Pupils
|
2004
|
Dr. Mario Calvo Marroquín
|
Izalco
|
105
|
Pablo Sexto
|
Nahuizalco
|
75
|
2005
|
Dr. Mario Calvo Marroquín
|
Izalco
|
209
|
Cantón Quebrada Española
|
Izalco
|
72
|
Pablo Sexto
|
Nahuizalco
|
150
|
Cantón Anal Arriba
|
Nahuizalco
|
40
|
Caserio Santa Teresa
|
Armenia
|
73
|
2006
|
Dr. Mario Calvo Marroquín
|
Izalco
|
388
|
Cantón Quebrada Española
|
Izalco
|
145
|
Pablo Sexto
|
Nahuizalco
|
213
|
Cantón Anal Arriba
|
Nahuizalco
|
80
|
Caserio Santa Teresa
|
Armenia
|
233
|
Total
|
1783
|
Source: CONCULTURA
- All
the schools are located in the Department of Sonsonate, in the west of the
country, where the highest percentage of indigenous
people of nahua-pipil
descent live.
- On
1 February 2006, an Educational Support Committee for Indigenous Affairs was set
up,[53] which binds
CONCULTURA and the Ministry of Education to ensure the education of indigenous
people by drawing up a policy aiming to
promote the recognition and appreciation
of indigenous cultures in the country.
- No
data are currently available to indicate the number of indigenous minors
although it is hoped to obtain information in 2008 as
a result of the National
Population Census of 2007.
G. Drug abuse
- It
is calculated that 150,000 minors between the ages of 12 and 17 consume alcohol,
110,000 tobacco and 53,000 drugs, including stimulants
and
tranquillizers.[54] No
up-to-date data are available on the number of these children who receive
treatment, care and/or assistance to recover from alcoholism
and drug
addiction.
- Among
the dissemination and impact activities, the National Youth Secretariat
organizes anti-drugs lecture cycles with the aim of
teaching students to avoid
taking drugs, and their consequences through education and information. The
Secretariat hopes to reach
out to more than 6,500 baccalaureate students in
public and private schools in areas that been identified as having a high rate
of
drug consumption, namely San Salvador, Ilopango, Ciudad Delgado, Soyapango,
San Miguel, Santa Ana and Sonsonate.
1. Tobacco and alcohol
programmes
- A
National Drugs Commission has been set up in the country, the main function of
which is to coordinate the efforts made by the various
segments of society,
particularly by institutions guiding members who make up the National Drugs
Commission (CNA): National Council
of Public Security, Ministry of National
Defence, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Public Security and Justice and
Ministry of
Public Health and Social Welfare.
- The
following are some of the activities coordinated:
- Drug
prevention lectures for third-cycle and baccalaureate students; the Programme
was delivered within the framework of the Social
Peace Plan promoted by the
President. The central theme of the lectures is “Drugs and their
Effects” and they take the
form of a presentation that explains to
students the short- and long-term consequences of drug taking in clear and
objective language
with the aim of guiding them to take informed decisions that
will lead them to reject drugs. A discussion space is then set up, where
pupils
can express their views and concerns on the topic. The programme began in July
2007 and will continue indefinitely. It is
aimed at the public and private
sector. Between that date and January this year, a total of 1,506 students were
contacted in 10 educational
establishments;
- Culture
of legality. This programme has been implemented since 2004 by the Ministry of
Education, National Council of Public Security
and National Drugs Commission,
under the auspices of the Inter-American Drug Abuse Commission (CICAD/OEA). This
aims to prevent violent
behaviour and illicit activities such as drug use and
trafficking. Its aim is to develop pro-social forms of behaviour and attitudes
in third-cycle students through improved knowledge of and respect for
regulations and the rule of law. During 2006, a harmonization
activity was
carried out to incorporate part of the contents of the Culture of Legality in
the new third-cycle Social Science Curriculum.
In 2007, a pilot project was
carried out to adapt the programme to the community environment in high-risk
communities covered by
the National Council of Public Security. During the first
stage of the project, 6,390 students benefited in 97 educational establishments.
When the programme was adapted to the community environment, 220 young people
resident in four high-risk communities were helped;
- “Segundo
Paso” (Second Step). This programme sets out to provide children with
the fundamental skills to ensure that they grow into independent,
public-spirited and understanding young people and adults. These qualities are
incompatible with the taking of drugs and with violent
and irresponsible
behaviour. The version for preschool age children (aged 4 to 6) consists of 25
lessons covering areas such as Empathy,
Dealing with Feelings and Problem
Solving. Between 2005 and 2006, a pilot test was carried out in two public
sector nursery schools
on 127 children in the four-year old sections. The
results were satisfactory because the students in the experimental group
assimilated
the concepts of the programme and reduced their antisocial behaviour
in the classroom.
- The
Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare (MSPAS), for its part, is
implementing the National Plan for the Prevention of Smoking
2002–2008,
the main aim of which is to prevent, detect and avoid risk and damage caused to
people's health by smoking and passive
smoking. One of the specific aims that
the plan sets out to achieve is to prevent people starting smoking and becoming
addicted,
with the emphasis on children and adolescents.
- As
part of the Plan strategy, work is being carried out to incorporate the topic of
the prevention of smoking into the school curriculum
and at all academic levels
of teaching.
- Within
the framework of the Plan, the MSPAS, working in coordination with some
universities and the Pan American Health Organisation
(PAHO), is developing
various research studies aimed at determining the prevalence of smoking in
school-age adolescents and the adult
population.
- The
MSPAS is including the specific topic of alcoholism in its Men’s Health
Programme, which is aimed not only at the adult
population but also at young
people. It assists people between the ages of 15 and 59. This programme offers
information, education
and communication activities to assist teetotallers and
occasional drinkers. When chronic drinkers are identified, the programme
works
through individual therapy and group sessions.
H.
Street children
- According
to a survey carried out in 2006, the ISNA identified a total of 272 street
children, falling into three categories: living
on the street, taking to the
streets and being financially exploited on the street. To deal with this problem
ISNA runs a specialist
protection Centre known as the Social Integration Centre
for Children and Adolescents (CISNA). The purpose of this Centre is to eradicate
the problem of children and adolescents living on the street by means of a
process of helping them to build a life plan.
- The
types of care offered by the centre are as follows: psychological and social
care, de-toxication, health, legal aid, formal education,
recreation and sport,
family and community, vocational training, spirituality, arts and culture. The
main strategy is based on creating
a friendly environment for children and
adolescents that allows them to stay and get involved in the various activities
of this care
model. The centre also seeks to involve the family directly in the
process of reintegrating their sons and daughters. The activities
that ISNA
carries out for these children also helps encourage new commitments and action
with public and private bodies associated
with this problem. The centre also
carries out educational campaigns through various mass media in order to make
society in general
aware of its direct involvement with victims of this
situation. The ISNA also works in coordination with NGOs such as the
Fundación
Dolores Medina, City Hall Metropolitan Agents Corps and the
National Civil Police. The ISNA currently employs a staff of 80 people
to help
street children.
I. Prevention of violence
against minors
- With
regard to the prevention of offences against children and adolescents, the
Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic has
signed cooperative
agreements with UNICEF, the El Salvador International Plan and ActionAid El
Salvador in order to implement the
following project through its
Multidisciplinary Support Unit: “Training of Young Educators for the
Prevention of Violence and
Construction of a Culture of Peace”. This
project is aimed at adolescents and involves the teaching of modules on domestic
violence and the construction of male and female identity based on gender theory
with the aim of improving family relationships and
minimizing violence against
women, children and adolescents. One of the aims of this project is to make the
target population aware
of the legal resources that protect them, the
appropriate mechanisms for filing a complaint and the governmental and
non-governmental
departments that should be contacted when they become victims
of such crimes.
- With
the same idea of preventing violence and applying a gender equality approach, a
prevention programme was drawn up in conjunction
with ISNA aimed at parents. The
aim of this is to provide information on crimes committed against women and
children and also to
provide certain tools for recognizing signs of
ill-treatment, the cycle of violence and prevention mechanisms. The projects
have
been run in various stages since 2002. They were run in the following
municipalities during 2005: Tejutepeque, Jiquilisco, Concepción
Batres,
Tecoluca, Acajutla, Comasagua, Nuevo Cuscatlán and San Salvador. A target
group of 245 young people and 121 adults
has benefited from the programme. Other
violence prevention programmes are described in annex XXIII.
- The
Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic’s Women and Children's
Unit and the Multidisciplinary Support Unit took
part in dissemination
activities with the aim of eradicating and punishing violence against women
during national violence prevention
fairs, and also in various activities
carried out by the Network against Gender Violence. With the cooperation of
private and public
bodies, the Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic
has drawn up a paper on the femicide situation in El Salvador. The paper
contains a statistical analysis of cases of deaths of women and girls and
emphasizes the importance of focusing efforts on keeping
a detailed register of
factors associated with this phenomenon that will make it possible to recognize
and raise the profile of female
murder cases, taking as a starting point the
level of violence that accompanies the committing of such crimes. It also
emphasizes
the importance of reflecting on the cultural practices or patterns of
teaching handed down from generation to generation that promote
violent
behaviour and differential gender-related socialization, which often make it
impossible to develop forms of cohabitation
based on mutual respect, tolerance
and esteem of others.
- The
Office of the Public Prosecutor of the Republic recognises that crimes against
life committed against victims under 18 years of
age constitute the most serious
cases of violence against children and adolescents in El
Salvador.
J. Missing children
- With
regards to missing children, the State set up an Inter-Institutional Commission
to search for children who disappeared owing
to armed conflict in El Salvador,
through Executive Order No 45 of 5 October 2004. This began work on 13 June
2005, with the aim
of cooperating with public institutions with involvement in
or responsibility for child protection in the quest for children who
were
involuntarily separated from their families during that period in El Salvador.
The Commission is made up of the following state
institutions: Ministry of
External Relations, which acts as the coordinator, Ministry of Government,
Ministry of National Defence,
National Civil Police, Institute for Full
Development of Children and Adolescents, the Public Prosecutor's Office and the
Office
of the Attorney General. In accordance with Article 4 of the Executive
Order mentioned above, the Inter-Institutional Search Commission
can also call
on the cooperation and backup of other public institutions to help achieve its
goal, such as the Supreme Court of Justice,
the Public Prosecutor's Office for
the Protection of Human Rights and also private institutions set up to achieve
the aims of this
Commission.
- A
first draft of the rules of procedure was discussed within the commission; an
Operational Team Action Plan was discussed with the
aim of starting ongoing
field activities; work was completed on drawing up an Action Plan 2005 and the
work carried out by the Commission
was published on a website:
www.comisiondebusqueda.gob.sv. This informs users of the Commission’s
structure and organization,
human rights law, news, links for search submissions
and requests and essential contact details in addition to participating
institutions.
On the basis of this, an Action Plan is drawn up every year,
relating to the activities carried out by the Commission.
- As
far as field activities are concerned, the investigative team is made up of a
psychologist, a social worker, three investigators
and a solicitor. A logistical
plan has been developed for collecting data, including the processing of special
files for obtaining
specific data, the planning of field trips and meetings when
experiences gained as a result of the various forms of fieldwork are
compared to
establish progress in cases. The Commission is supported by the Department of
Human Rights, which is a member of the
Ministry of External Relations General
Directorate of Legal Affairs and Human Rights and acts as its Secretariat. The
fieldwork includes
interviews with the civilian population and also with serving
and retired military personnel, with state officials, with officials
of national
and international institutions, such as the Salvadoran Red Cross and the
International Red Cross and Committee, from
which valuable and important
information has been obtained.
- The
National Civil Registry (RNPN) offers significant help in resolving cases
assigned to it because it provides data on people related
to case
investigations, which makes it easier to locate them so that the relevant
interviews can be carried out. As far as documentary
investigations are
concerned, visits have been carried out, obtaining access to the archives of
various state institutions and mass
media, where valuable information has been
found and even photographs in some cases. Special emphasis must be placed on the
conscientious
and effective work being carried out by the Inter-Institutional
Commission to search for children who disappeared owing to armed
conflict. The
first case resolved by the above commission was at the beginning of March 2006,
the day young Teresa de Jesús
Hernández was reunited with her
biological family after 24 years of separation. This reunion took place on
19 March in 2006,
in Canton San José, Department of Chalatenango. It
should also be stated that as a gesture of goodwill and as part of a token
action, the State gave Ms Hernández a house on 27 March of the same year,
in a place known as Villa Lourdes.
- Before
each reunion, psychological preparation visits were carried out with the
biological families and the young people who had been
found with the aim of
clearing up any doubts and establishing the expectations of everyone involved.
Publication of the reunions
between young people and their biological families
has made it possible to bring the work carried out by the Search Commission to
public attention. The Commission is nevertheless very respectful of the wishes
of the families and young people and it leaves it
up to them to decide whether
their case should be publicized or not. Various search requests have been
received for cases relating
to the armed conflict and also missing children
cases that occurred during the period of conflict but were not directly related
to
it. The Commission nevertheless willingly cooperated in the investigation of
such cases and in bringing them to a happy ending.
- The
achievements of the Inter-Institutional Commission to search for children who
disappeared owing to armed conflict since it first
started work may be measured
by its initial result of 46 cases resolved, which have led to 22 reunions taking
place.[55]
ANEXOS
ANEXO I
POBLACIÓN INFANTIL DE EL SALVADOR
El salvador: población total por sexo, según
grupos de edad, 2004
(Total país)
Grupos de edad
|
Total
|
Género
|
Hombre
|
Mujer
|
TOTAL
|
2.745.164
|
1,396,233
|
1,348,931
|
0 - 4
|
696.964
|
348,759
|
348,205
|
5 - 9
|
818.979
|
421,232
|
397,747
|
10 - 14
|
784.268
|
401,488
|
382,780
|
15 - 17
|
444.953
|
224,754
|
220,199
|
El salvador: población total por sexo, según
grupos de edad, 2004
(Total país urbano)
Grupos de edad
|
Total
|
Género
|
Hombre
|
Mujer
|
TOTAL
|
1.496.736
|
755.931
|
740.805
|
0 - 4
|
387.078
|
192.591
|
194.487
|
5 - 9
|
444.438
|
227.096
|
217.342
|
10 - 14
|
421.311
|
217.317
|
203.994
|
15 - 17
|
243.909
|
118.927
|
124.982
|
El salvador: población
total por sexo, según grupos de edad, 2004
(Total país rural)
Grupos de edad
|
Total
|
Género
|
Hombre
|
Mujer
|
TOTAL
|
1,248,428
|
640.302
|
608.126
|
0 - 4
|
309,886
|
156.168
|
153.718
|
5 - 9
|
374,541
|
194.136
|
180.405
|
10 - 14
|
362,957
|
184.171
|
178.786
|
15 - 17
|
201,044
|
105.827
|
95.217
|
El salvador: población total por sexo, según
grupos de edad, 2005
(Total país)
Grupos de edad
|
Total
|
Género
|
Hombre
|
Mujer
|
Total
|
2.796.960
|
1.432.436
|
1.364.524
|
0 - 4
|
680.638
|
353.854
|
326.784
|
5 - 9
|
853.041
|
436.769
|
416.272
|
10 - 14
|
811.410
|
413.406
|
398.004
|
15 - 17
|
451.871
|
228.407
|
223.464
|
El salvador: población
total por sexo, según grupos de edad, 2005
(Total país urbano)
Grupos de edad
|
Total
|
Género
|
Hombre
|
Mujer
|
Total
|
1.525.672
|
786.801
|
738.871
|
0 - 4
|
372.725
|
194.986
|
177.739
|
5 - 9
|
458.839
|
230.173
|
228.666
|
10 - 14
|
439.649
|
229.968
|
209.681
|
15 - 17
|
254.459
|
131.674
|
122.785
|
El salvador: población
total por sexo, según grupos de edad, 2005
(Total país rural)
Grupos de edad
|
Total
|
Género
|
Hombre
|
Mujer
|
Total
|
1.271.288
|
645.635
|
625.653
|
0 - 4
|
307.913
|
158.868
|
149.045
|
5 - 9
|
394.202
|
206.596
|
187.606
|
10 - 14
|
371.761
|
183.438
|
188.323
|
15 - 17
|
197.412
|
96.733
|
100.679
|
ANEXO II
SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN PARA LA INFANCIA (SIPI):
INDICADORES
DE PROTECCIÓN (ISNA)
No.
|
- Indicador
|
1
|
Número de niños/as y adolescentes atendidos/as con medidas de
protección
|
2
|
Porcentaje de niños/as y adolescentes atendidos/as procedentes del
área urbana
|
3
|
Porcentaje de niños/as y adolescentes atendidos/as procedentes del
área rural
|
4
|
Promedio mensual de niños/as y adolescentes institucionalizados
|
5
|
Promedio mensual de niños/as y adolescentes en atención
externa
|
6
|
Porcentaje de niños/as y adolescentes con medida de
colocación familiar
|
7
|
Tasa de incumplimiento de medida, deserción o fuga
|
8
|
Porcentaje de niños/as y adolescentes que ingresan
|
9
|
Porcentaje de niños/as y adolescentes que reingresan
|
10
|
Tiempo promedio en meses de niños/as y adolescentes atendidos/as con
medida de institucionalización
|
11
|
Promedio mensual de de niños/as y adolescentes trasladados a
ONG's
|
12
|
Edad promedio de niños/as y adolescentes atendidos/as
|
13
|
Edad promedio de los niños y adolescentes atendidos con medidas de
protección
|
14
|
Edad promedio de las niñas y adolescentes atendidas con medidas de
protección
|
15
|
Promedio mensual de casos de niñas y adolescentes atendidos/as en
con medidas de Protección
|
16
|
Porcentajes de niños/as y adolescentes que ingresan y reingresan
provenientes del AMSS
|
17
|
Porcentaje de niños/as y adolescentes que no tienen madre
|
18
|
Porcentaje de niños/as y adolescentes que no tienen padre
|
19
|
Porcentaje de niños/as y adolescentes atendidos/as en
situación de pobreza
|
20
|
Porcentaje de niños/as y adolescentes que ingresan con
señales de algún tipo de daño físico
|
21
|
Porcentaje de niños/as y adolescentes que ingresan y reingresan con
medida provisional
|
22
|
Porcentaje de niños/as y adolescentes que ingresan y reingresan con
medida definitiva
|
23
|
Porcentaje de niños y adolescentes atendidos >7 con medidas de
protección que no tienen escolaridad
|
Indicadores Prevención y Educación Inicial
(ISNA)
Nro.
|
Indicador
|
1
|
Promedio de niños/as atendidos en el año por Centro de
Atención Inicial (CAI) a nivel nacional por mes
|
2
|
Porcentaje de niños/as atendidos por CAI a nivel urbano
|
3
|
Porcentaje de niños/as atendidos por CENTROS DE BIENESTAR INFANTIL
(CBI) a nivel rural
|
4
|
Promedio de niños/as atendidos por CBI
|
5
|
Promedio de niños/as atendidos por Centros de Desarrollo Integral
(CDI)
|
6
|
Promedio de niños atendidos por CAI
|
7
|
Promedio de niñas atendidos por CAI
|
8
|
Porcentaje de niños/as graduados o egresados por centro
|
9
|
Tasa de deserción
|
10
|
Porcentaje de niños/as que reingresan por centro
|
11
|
Porcentaje de niños/as con control médico
|
12
|
Porcentaje de niños/as con esquema de vacunación
completo
|
13
|
Desnutrición global (peso por edad) de niños/as por
centro
|
14
|
Desnutrición aguda (peso por talla) de niños/as por
centro
|
15
|
Desnutrición crónica (baja talla por edad) de niños/as
por centro
|
16
|
Retraso en el desarrollo de la habilidad motora gruesa por centro
|
17
|
Retraso en el desarrollo de la habilidad motora fina por centro
|
18
|
Retraso en el desarrollo de la habilidad cognoscitiva por centro
|
19
|
Retraso en el desarrollo de la habilidad de lenguaje por centro
|
20
|
Retraso en el desarrollo de la habilidad socioafectiva por centro
|
21
|
Retraso en el desarrollo de la hábitos por centro
|
22
|
Contribución familiar
|
23
|
Participación familiar
|
24
|
Permanencia de madres cuidadoras
|
25
|
Porcentaje de madres cuidadoras escolarizadas superior a la primaria
|
26
|
Cobertura de apoyo técnico institucional
|
27
|
Porcentaje de centros de propiedad comunal
|
28
|
Porcentaje de centros de propiedad del ISNA
|
29
|
Porcentaje de centros de propiedad municipal
|
30
|
Acceso de agua
|
31
|
Acceso a servicio sanitario
|
Indicadores Reeducativos, Adolescentes y Jóvenes en
Conflicto
con la Ley Penal Juvenil (ISNA)
No.
|
Indicador
|
1
|
Número de jóvenes atendidos/as con medidas de
reeducación en el periodo
|
2
|
Porcentaje de jóvenes atendidos/as procedentes del área
urbana
|
3
|
Porcentaje de jóvenes atendidos/as procedentes del área
rural
|
4
|
Promedio mensual de jóvenes institucionalizados
|
5
|
Promedio mensual de jóvenes en atención externa
|
6
|
Tasa de deserción o fuga
|
7
|
Porcentaje de jóvenes que ingresan
|
8
|
Porcentaje de jóvenes que reingresan
|
9
|
Tiempo promedio en meses de jóvenes atendidos/as con medida de
institucionalización
|
10
|
Edad promedio de los/as jóvenes atendidos/as
|
11
|
Edad promedio de los jóvenes atendidos
|
12
|
Edad promedio de las jóvenes atendidas
|
13
|
Promedio mensual de casos de jóvenes varones atendidos en con
medidas de reeducación
|
14
|
Promedio mensual de casos de jóvenes mujeres atendidas en con
medidas de reeducación
|
15
|
Porcentajes de jóvenes que ingresan y reingresan provenientes del
AMSS
|
16
|
Porcentaje de jóvenes que no tienen madre
|
17
|
Porcentaje de jóvenes que no tienen padre
|
18
|
Porcentaje de jóvenes atendidos/as en situación de
pobreza
|
19
|
Porcentaje de jóvenes que ingresan con señales de
algún tipo de daño físico
|
20
|
Porcentaje de jóvenes que ingresan y reingresan con medida
provisional
|
21
|
Porcentaje de jóvenes que ingresan y reingresan con medida
definitiva
|
22
|
Porcentaje de jóvenes atendidos/as con medidas de reeducación
que no tienen escolaridad
|
23
|
Porcentaje de jóvenes varones atendidos con medidas de
reeducación que no tienen escolaridad
|
24
|
Porcentaje de jóvenes mujeres con medidas de reeducación que
no tienen escolaridad
|
Fuente: Sistema de Información para la Infancia (SIPI) ISNA
Anexo III
PRESENCIA DEL ISNA A NIVEL NACIONAL
ANEXO IV
TRATAMIENTO DE LOS CRÍMENES SEXUALES
Los detalles del tratamiento de los crímenes sexuales en los
tribunales de paz, de instrucción y de sentencia en los
años 2004
a 2006 se presentan en los cuadros siguientes:
Datos estadísticos de causas con menores victimas
por delitos relativos a explotación sexual
y abusos sexuales
en los 24 juzgados de paz que disponen
de sistema de seguimiento de
expedientes
Delito
|
Totales
|
Año 2004
|
Año 2005
|
Año 2006
|
Totales
|
735
|
232
|
218
|
285
|
Promedio de los 24 juzgados con sistemas de Seguimiento de
expedientes
|
31
|
10
|
9
|
12
|
Acoso Sexual
|
131
|
57
|
33
|
41
|
Agresión Sexual en Menor e Incapaz
|
118
|
34
|
40
|
44
|
Agresión Sexual en Menor e Incapaz Agravada
|
35
|
16
|
7
|
12
|
Corrupción de Menores e Incapaces
|
8
|
6
|
2
|
-
|
Determinación a la Prostitución
|
4
|
1
|
3
|
-
|
Estupro
|
70
|
36
|
13
|
21
|
Estupro por Prevalimiento
|
17
|
2
|
5
|
10
|
Inducción, Promoción y Favorecimiento de Actos Sexuales o
Eróticos
|
16
|
6
|
8
|
2
|
Inducción, Promoción y Favorecimiento de la
Prostitución
|
21
|
7
|
11
|
3
|
Pornografía
|
4
|
-
|
-
|
4
|
Posesión de Pornografía
|
1
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
Remuneración por Actos Sexuales o Eróticos
|
1
|
-
|
1
|
-
|
Utilización de Menores con Fines Pornográficos y
Exhibicionistas
|
11
|
6
|
-
|
5
|
Violación
|
11
|
2
|
2
|
7
|
Violación Agravada
|
17
|
6
|
9
|
2
|
Violación en Menor o Incapaz
|
170
|
20
|
62
|
88
|
Violación en Menor o Incapaz Agravada
|
30
|
7
|
10
|
13
|
Violación y Agresión Sexual Agravada
|
70
|
25
|
12
|
33
|
Datos estadísticos de causas con menores victimas en
delitos relativos a explotación sexual
y abusos sexuales por
tipo de resoluciónen los 24 juzgados de paz que disponen
de
sistema de seguimiento de expedientes
Resolución
|
Totales
|
Año 2004
|
Año 2005
|
Año 2006
|
TOTALES
|
732
|
231
|
217
|
284
|
PROMEDIO DE LOS 24 JUZGADOS CON SISTEMAS DE SEGUIMIENTO DE
EXPEDIENTES
|
31
|
10
|
9
|
12
|
ARCHIVAR EL PROCESO
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
1
|
AUTORIZA CONCILIACIÓN
|
5
|
3
|
1
|
1
|
DECLARATORIA DE FALTA
|
4
|
1
|
3
|
-
|
DECRETA DESESTIMACIÓN
|
8
|
6
|
-
|
2
|
EXTINCIÓN DE LA ACCIÓN PENAL
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
1
|
NULIDAD ABSOLUTA
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
1
|
ORDENA INSTRUCCIÓN CON DETENCIÓN PROVISIONAL
|
280
|
81
|
92
|
107
|
ORDENA INSTRUCCIÓN CON MEDIDA CAUTELAR SUSTITUTIVA
|
56
|
20
|
19
|
17
|
ORDENA INSTRUCCIÓN SIN DETENCIÓN PROVISIONAL
|
51
|
15
|
18
|
18
|
PERDÓN JUDICIAL
|
2
|
2
|
-
|
-
|
SENTENCIA CONDENATORIA EN PROCEDIMIENTO ABREVIADO
|
9
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
SOBRESEIMIENTO DEFINITIVO
|
85
|
26
|
19
|
40
|
SOBRESEIMIENTO PROVISIONAL
|
228
|
73
|
61
|
94
|
SUSPENSIÓN CONDICIONAL DEL PROCEDIMIENTO
|
1
|
-
|
1
|
-
|
Datos estadísticos de causas con menores victimas
por delitos relativos a explotación sexual
y abusos sexuales
en los 30 juzgados de instrucción que disponen
de sistema de
seguimiento de expedientes
Delito
|
Totales
|
Año 2004
|
Año 2005
|
Año 2006
|
Totales
|
1184
|
382
|
366
|
436
|
Promedio de los 24 juzgados con sistemas de seguimiento de
expedientes
|
39
|
13
|
12
|
15
|
Acoso Sexual
|
162
|
63
|
48
|
51
|
Agresión Sexual en Menor e Incapaz
|
334
|
117
|
112
|
105
|
Agresión Sexual en Menor e Incapaz Agravada
|
123
|
43
|
36
|
44
|
Corrupción de Menores e Incapaces
|
6
|
3
|
3
|
-
|
Estupro
|
29
|
15
|
7
|
7
|
Estupro por Prevalimiento
|
28
|
5
|
4
|
19
|
Inducción, Promoción y Favorecimiento de Actos Sexuales o
Eróticos
|
3
|
-
|
3
|
-
|
Inducción, Promoción y Favorecimiento de la
Prostitución
|
16
|
3
|
5
|
8
|
Inducción, Promoción, Favorecimiento de Actos Sexuales o
Eróticos
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
1
|
Pornografía
|
4
|
3
|
-
|
1
|
Remuneración por Actos Sexuales o Eróticos
|
6
|
-
|
-
|
6
|
Remuneración por Actos Sexuales o Eróticos
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
1
|
Utilización de Menores con Fines Pornográficos y
Exhibicionistas
|
5
|
-
|
-
|
5
|
Violación en Menor o Incapaz
|
272
|
60
|
94
|
118
|
Violación en Menor o Incapaz Agravada
|
125
|
41
|
35
|
49
|
Violación y Agresión Sexual Agravada
|
69
|
29
|
19
|
21
|
Datos estadisticos de causas con menores victimas por
delitos relativos a explotación sexual
y abusos sexuales en
los 8 tribunales de sentencia que disponen
de sistema de seguimiento
de expedientes
Delito
|
Totales
|
Año 2004
|
Año 2005
|
Año 2006
|
Totales
|
442
|
11
|
84
|
347
|
Promedio de los 24 juzgados con sistemas de seguimiento de
expedientes
|
15
|
0
|
3
|
12
|
Acoso Sexual
|
37
|
1
|
7
|
29
|
Agresión Sexual en Menor e Incapaz
|
102
|
1
|
15
|
86
|
Agresión Sexual en Menor e Incapaz Agravada
|
34
|
-
|
7
|
27
|
Corrupción de Menores e Incapaces
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
1
|
Determinación a la Prostitución
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
1
|
Estupro
|
2
|
-
|
1
|
1
|
Estupro por Prevalimiento
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
1
|
Exhibiciones Obscenas
|
1
|
-
|
-
|
1
|
Oferta y Demanda de Prostitución Ajena
|
2
|
-
|
2
|
-
|
Otras Agresiones Sexuales
|
6
|
-
|
1
|
5
|
Otras Agresiones Sexuales Agravada
|
8
|
-
|
2
|
6
|
Violación
|
14
|
-
|
3
|
11
|
Violación Agravada
|
23
|
1
|
2
|
20
|
Violación en Menor o Incapaz Agravada
|
52
|
-
|
10
|
42
|
Violación y Agresión Sexual Agravada
|
46
|
4
|
14
|
28
|
Datos sobre delitos contra la libertad sexual,
fiscalía General de la República, 2006
Tipo de delito
|
Edad de la víctima y número de
casos
|
Total
|
0-10 años
|
11-18 años
|
Violación
|
66
|
208
|
274
|
Violación en Menor o Incapaz
|
122
|
332
|
454
|
Otras Agresiones Sexuales
|
49
|
79
|
128
|
Agresión Sexual en Menor e Incapaz
|
264
|
152
|
416
|
Violación y Agresión Sexual Agravada
|
7
|
14
|
21
|
Estupro
|
1
|
164
|
165
|
Estupro por Prevalimiento
|
0
|
6
|
6
|
Acoso Sexual
|
28
|
150
|
178
|
Acto Sexual Diverso
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
Corrupción de Menores e Incapaces
|
1
|
10
|
11
|
Corrupción Agravada
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
Inducción, Promoción y Favorecimiento de Actos Sexuales o
Eróticos
|
1
|
33
|
34
|
Inducción, Promoción y Favorecimiento de la
Prostitución
|
2
|
14
|
16
|
Determinación a la Prostitución
|
0
|
12
|
12
|
Exhibiciones Obscenas
|
17
|
22
|
39
|
Pornografía
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
Utilización de Personas Menores de Dieciocho Años e
Incapaces
|
0
|
3
|
3
|
Utilización de Menores con Fines Pornográficos y
Exhibicionistas
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
Violación Agravada
|
6
|
49
|
55
|
Violación en Grado de Tentativa
|
3
|
15
|
18
|
Violación en Menor o Incapaz Agravada
|
15
|
32
|
47
|
Violación en Menor o Incapaz en Grado de Tentativa
|
2
|
6
|
8
|
Agresión Sexual en Menor e Incapaz Agravada
|
22
|
10
|
32
|
Remuneración por Actos Sexuales o Eróticos
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
Oferta y Demanda de Prostitución Ajena
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
Posesión de Pornografía
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Otras Agresiones Sexuales Agravadas
|
1
|
7
|
8
|
Violación Agravada en Grado de Tentativa
|
1
|
12
|
13
|
Abusos deshonestos
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
Violación Agravada en Menor o Incapaz
|
14
|
34
|
48
|
Complicidad en el Delito de Violación
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
Total
|
626
|
1372
|
1998
|
ANEXO V
TIPOS PENALES EN LOS CUALES SE SANCIONA CON PENAS
PRIVATIVAS
DE LIBERTAD LA IRRESPONSABILIDAD PATERNA (CÓDIGO
PENAL)
Artículo 199
Abandono y desamparo de personas
El que teniendo deber legal de velar por un menor de 18 años o una
persona incapaz de proveerse por sí misma, los abandonare
poniendo en
peligro su vida o su integridad personal, o los colocare en
situación de desamparo, será sancionado con
prisión de uno
a tres años.
Artículo 200
Violencia intrafamiliar
Cualquier familiar que, según el alcance de la Ley contra la violencia
intrafamiliar, que ejerciere violencia en cualquier
forma de las
señaladas en el artículo 3 del mismo cuerpo legal, será
sancionado con prisión de uno a
tres años.
Artículo 201
Incumplimiento de los deberes de asistencia económica
Toda persona sujeta al pago de la obligación alimenticia en virtud de
sentencia definitiva ejecutoriada, resolución
de la Procuraduría
General de la República, convenio celebrado ante esta o fuera de ella,
que deliberadamente la incumpliera,
será sancionada de 24 a 48 fines de
semana de arresto.
Artículo 202
Separación indebida de menor o incapaz
El que teniendo a su cargo la crianza o educación de un menor de edad
o incapaz, lo entregare a un tercero o a un establecimiento
público sin
la anuencia de quien se lo hubiere confiado o de la autoridad en su defecto,
será sancionado con prisión
de seis meses a un año.
Artículo 203
Inducción al abandono
El que indujere a un menor de 18 años de edad a abandonar la casa de
sus padres, tutores o encargados del cuidado personal,
será sancionado
con prisión de seis meses a un año.
Artículo 204
Maltrato infantil
El que maltratare a una persona menor de edad, con evidente perjuicio
físico, moral o psicológico, será sancionado
con
prisión de uno a tres años, siempre que no constituyere un delito
más grave.
Igual sanción se aplicará a cualquier persona que con abuso de
los medios de corrección, causare perjuicio a
una persona menor de edad
que se hallare sometido a su autoridad, educación, cuidado o vigilancia,
o que se encontrare bajo
su dirección con motivo de su profesión u
oficio.
Artículo 205
Explotación de la mendicidad
El que utilizare o prestare a un menor de 18 años de edad para la
práctica de la mendicidad, será sancionado
con 15 a 30 jornadas
semanales de trabajo de utilidad pública.
Si para este mismo fin se traficare con menores de 18 años, se
empleare con ellos violencia o se les suministrare sustancias
perjudiciales para
la salud, la sanción será de uno a tres años de
prisión.
ANEXO VI
DATOS ESTADÍSTICOS DE LA FISCALÍA GENERAL DE
LA REPÚBLICA SOBRE LOS DELITOS RELATIVOS A LAS RELACIONES
FAMILIARES
|
Edad de las víctimas y
número de delitos
|
Total
|
0-10 años
|
11-18 años
|
Año 2004
|
|
|
|
Suplantación y Alteración de Estado Familiar
|
4
|
0
|
4
|
Alteración de Filiación
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Abandono y Desamparo de Persona
|
138
|
25
|
163
|
Violencia Intrafamiliar
|
33
|
105
|
138
|
Incumplimiento de los Deberes de Asistencia Económica
|
538
|
198
|
736
|
Separación Indebida de Menor o Incapaz
|
2
|
1
|
3
|
Inducción al Abandono
|
0
|
51
|
51
|
Maltrato Infantil
|
227
|
95
|
322
|
Explotación de la Mendicidad
|
5
|
1
|
6
|
Total
|
947
|
476
|
1.423
|
Año 2005
|
|
|
|
Suplantación y Alteración de Estado Familiar
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
Alteración de Filiación
|
1
|
0
|
1
|
Abandono y Desamparo de Persona
|
137
|
18
|
155
|
Violencia Intrafamiliar
|
42
|
109
|
151
|
Incumplimiento de los Deberes de Asistencia Económica
|
504
|
192
|
696
|
Separación Indebida de Menor o Incapaz
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
Inducción al Abandono
|
1
|
51
|
52
|
Maltrato Infantil
|
326
|
205
|
531
|
Explotación de la Mendicidad
|
3
|
0
|
3
|
Total
|
1.016
|
577
|
1.593
|
Año 2006 (Hasta el mes de agosto)
|
|
|
|
Suplantación y Alteración de Estado Familiar
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Alteración de Filiación
|
3
|
1
|
4
|
Abandono y Desamparo de Persona
|
55
|
22
|
77
|
Violencia Intrafamiliar
|
18
|
63
|
81
|
Incumplimiento de los Deberes de Asistencia Económica
|
192
|
80
|
272
|
Separación Indebida de Menor o Incapaz
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
Inducción al Abandono
|
4
|
25
|
29
|
Maltrato Infantil
|
156
|
114
|
270
|
Abuso del Derecho de Corrección
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
Explotación de la Mendicidad
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
Total
|
432
|
306
|
738
|
ANEXO VII
NIÑOS Y NIÑAS VÍCTIMAS DE
AGRESIÓN SEXUAL Y MALTRATO ATENDIDOS
POR EL ISDEMU
A. 2004
Edad
|
Agresión Sexual
|
Maltrato a la Niñez
|
|
Femenino
|
Porcentaje
|
Masculino
|
Porcentaje
|
Femenino
|
Porcentaje
|
Masculino
|
Porcentaje
|
Total:
|
0-1
|
6
|
1,49%
|
1
|
1,20%
|
131
|
10,18%
|
78
|
6,98%
|
216
|
2-5
|
50
|
12,38%
|
31
|
37,35%
|
131
|
10,18%
|
155
|
13,86%
|
367
|
6-9
|
72
|
17,82%
|
34
|
40,96%
|
265
|
20,59%
|
315
|
28,18%
|
686
|
10-13
|
130
|
32,18%
|
15
|
18,07%
|
346
|
26,88%
|
371
|
33,18%
|
862
|
14-17
|
146
|
36,14%
|
2
|
2,41%
|
414
|
32,17%
|
199
|
17,80%
|
761
|
Total:
|
404
|
|
83
|
|
1,287
|
|
1,118
|
|
2,892
|
B. 2005
Edad
|
Agresión Sexual
|
Maltrato a la Niñez
|
|
Femenino
|
Porcentaje
|
Masculino
|
Porcentaje
|
Femenino
|
Porcentaje
|
Masculino
|
Porcentaje
|
Total:
|
0-1
|
|
|
2
|
3,51%
|
17
|
1,55%
|
21
|
2,01%
|
40
|
2-5
|
21
|
6,18%
|
14
|
24,56%
|
121
|
11,06%
|
107
|
10,22%
|
263
|
6-9
|
54
|
15,88%
|
15
|
26,32%
|
258
|
23,58%
|
323
|
30,85%
|
650
|
10-13
|
92
|
27,06%
|
22
|
38,60%
|
304
|
27,79%
|
367
|
35,05%
|
785
|
14-17
|
173
|
50,88%
|
4
|
7,02%
|
394
|
36,01%
|
229
|
21,87%
|
800
|
Total:
|
340
|
|
57
|
|
1.094
|
|
1.047
|
|
2.538
|
ANEXO VIII
BENEFICIARIOS DE ACTIVIDADES DE APOYO INDIVIDUAL Y GRUPAL
PARA
VÍCTIMAS DE VIOLENCIA INTRAFAMILIAR
Año
|
Individuales
|
Grupales
|
Femenino
|
Masculino
|
Total
|
Femenino
|
Masculino
|
Total
|
Año 2004
|
315
|
279
|
594
|
1.824
|
1.679
|
3503
|
Año 2005
|
1.053
|
884
|
1937
|
1.287
|
1.077
|
2364
|
Año 2006
|
3.532
|
2.231
|
5763
|
2.683
|
1.777
|
4460
|
Total
|
4.900
|
3.394
|
8294
|
5.794
|
4.533
|
10327
|
Fuente: ISDEMU
ANEXO IX
DESNUTRICIÓN Y ANEMIA
Tendencia de la prevalencia nacional de desnutrición
en niños y niñas menores de 5 años
Año
|
Retardo en crecimiento (Talla para la
edad)
|
Bajo peso (peso para la
edad)
|
Delgadez (peso para la
talla)
|
1988
|
31,7
|
16,1
|
2,1
|
1993
|
22,8
|
11,2
|
1,3
|
1998
|
23,3
|
11,8
|
1,1
|
2002/03
|
18,9
|
10,3
|
1,4
|
Prevalencia nacional de anemia en niños y
niñas menores de 5 años
Año
|
Anemia (Hb < 11mg/dl)
|
1998
|
18.9
|
2002/03
|
19.8
|
ANEXO X
REVISIÓN “PLUS 5” DE LA
APLICACIÓN DE COMPROMISOS DEL PLAN DE ACCIÓN DEL DOCUMENTO "UN
MUNDO APROPIADO
PARA LOS NIÑOS"
A. Introducción
- La
Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, congregada en período
extraordinario de sesiones en mayo de 2002, aprobó
el documento de
resultados titulado "Un mundo apropiado para los niños". En él se
retoman, como un todo, los compromisos
adquiridos en la Convención sobre
los Derechos del Niño, en la Cumbre Mundial en favor de la Infancia
(1990) y en la
Cumbre del Milenio
(2000)[56], y se establece un
conjunto coherente de metas y objetivos intermedios en el curso del decenio
2000-2010 para ciertas esferas de
acción
prioritarias.[57]
- El
Salvador es signatario de estos cuatro Acuerdos mencionados (1989, 1990, 2000 y
2002), y como tal se ha comprometido a) a realizar
“...exámenes periódicos, en los planos nacional y
subnacional, de los progresos alcanzados a fin
de hacer frente a los
obstáculos y acelerar los avances de forma más eficaz” y
b) a presentar información al Comité de Derechos del
Niño “...sobre las medidas adoptadas y los resultados
obtenidos” en la aplicación del Plan de Acción del documento
"Un mundo apropiado para los niños" (en lo
sucesivo denominado PA-MAN)
(2002).[58]
- El
presente informe pretende a) mostrar la evolución alcanzada por El
Salvador en su proceso hacia el cumplimiento de los objetivos y metas
establecidos
en el Plan de Acción, poniendo especial énfasis en el
último período 2000-2005, b) presentar conclusiones y
recomendaciones acerca de algunos aspectos de dicho proceso, y c)
contribuir de esta manera a la elaboración por parte del Gobierno de El
Salvador del informe de país que remitirá
al Secretario General de
las Naciones Unidas y a la sede central del Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la
Infancia (UNICEF).[59]
- Es
importante mencionar que el país ha sufrido la destrucción que
ocasionaron los dos terremotos de enero y febrero
de 2001, así como del
huracán Stan que afectó al país en el 2005. Estos desastres
naturales ocasionaron
daños en el país que trajeron consigo en
algunos casos, una desaceleración en los indicativos y recursos para
reducir la pobreza y el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de la
población en áreas como educación, salud, entre
otros, ya
que se utilizó el máximo de recursos para palear las necesidades
inmediatas de la población afectada
por estos desastres naturales,
así como su inmediata reinserción en la actividad productiva y
social del país,
y a reconstrucción de la infraestructura
dañada.
- Para
la elaboración de este informe se utilizaron las siguientes fuentes de
información:
- Encuesta
de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples
(EHPM)[60] bajo la
responsabilidad de la Dirección General de Estadística y Censos
(DIGESTYC)[61];
- Encuesta
Nacional de Salud Familiar
(FESAL)[62], bajo la
responsabilidad de la Asociación Demográfica Salvadoreña
(ADS);
- Unidad
de Información en Salud, de la Dirección de Planificación
en Salud, del Ministerio de Salud Pública
y Asistencia Social
(MSPAS)[63]
- Programa
Nacional de Control y Prevención de ITS/VIH/SIDA del
MSPAS.[64]
- Publicaciones
oficiales del
MSPAS[65];
- Publicaciones
oficiales del Ministerio de Educación
(MINED)[66]
- Ministerio
de Hacienda de El
Salvador[67];
- Sistema
de Información para la Infancia (SIPI) del Instituto Salvadoreño
para el Desarrollo Integral de la Niñez
y la Adolescencia (ISNA.
- Adicionalmente
se realizaron consultas con personal autorizado de algunas de las instituciones
mencionadas tales como EHPM, FESAL,
SIPI y con oficiales especializados de
UNICEF y PNUD.
B. Principales Acciones
- A
continuación se presentan de manera resumida las más importantes
acciones, iniciativas y cambios, impulsados por el
Estado de El Salvador para
fortalecer y consolidar el proceso hacia el cumplimiento de objetivos y metas
del PA-MAN.
- Proceso
de Formulación del Anteproyecto de Ley de Protección
Integral de la Niñez y la Adolescencia
- El
Gobierno de El salvador en coordinación con la Comisión
Coordinadora del Sector Justicia/UTE, el UNICEF y otras entidades
de gobierno
están elaborando, a través de un proceso participativo, un
anteproyecto de Ley de Protección Integral
de la Niñez y la
Adolescencia.
- Como
antecedentes de este esfuerzo se tienen el Plan Nacional de Acción para
la Infancia 2001-2010 y el Anteproyecto de Ley
de Código de la
Niñez y la Adolescencia
- Ley
de Prevención y Control de la Infección Provocada por el Virus de
Inmunodeficiencia
Humana[68]
- La
ley tiene por objeto prevenir, controlar y regular la atención de la
infección causada por el virus de inmunodeficiencia
humana, y establecer
las obligaciones de las personas portadoras del virus y definir de manera
general la Política Nacional
de Atención Integral ante el
VIH/SIDA. Además garantiza los derechos individuales y sociales de las
personas viviendo
con el VIH/SIDA.
- Los
principios rectores de la ley son la no discriminación, confidencialidad,
continuidad, integridad, calidad, calidez, equidad,
información y la
corresponsabilidad; sin perjuicio de los derechos establecidos en la
Constitución y en los tratados
internacionales que en materia de salud y
derechos humanos, haya suscrito y ratificado el país.
- La
ley cuenta con el respectivo reglamento para asegurar su aplicación.
- El
Programa Nacional de Prevención y Control de Infecciones de
Transmisión Sexual y VIH-SIDA del MSPAS, asume la misión
bajo la
cual ha sido creada la ley y el reglamento, y funciona como una instancia del
sector salud, cuyo propósito es prevenir
las ITS/VIH/SIDA y garantizar la
promoción y atención eficaz y oportuna a las personas afectadas,
facilitando para
ello el acceso y uso de los servicios de salud en
coordinación y cooperación interinstitucional e interagencial
involucrando
a todos los sectores de la población.
- La
Ley subraya la necesidad de informar sobre el desarrollo de la epidemia y de
controlar los casos detectados.
3. Plan Nacional de
Educación 2021[69]
- En
marzo 2005 se da inicio al Plan Nacional de Educación 2021, el cual se
proyecta hacia el largo plazo y define sus propios
objetivos, líneas
estratégicas y políticas principales. El Plan 2021 parte de
reconocer que la actual inversión
pública en educación
resulta relativamente baja en el contexto internacional, y que su incremento
dependerá
del crecimiento futuro del PIB así como de la capacidad
de recaudación e inversión del sector público.
- Para
impulsarlo se han creado 10 programas:
- EDUCAME,
cuyo propósito es flexibilizar la oferta de los servicios educativos en
Tercer Ciclo y Bachillerato, por medio de
la implementación de nuevas
modalidades de atención y de entrega de los mismos, a fin de disminuir la
sobre-edad y
reintegrar al sistema educativo a jóvenes que interrumpieron
su formación académica;
- PODER,
ejecutado para fomentar el cultivo de actitudes positivas y la libertad para
tomar decisiones responsables en los jóvenes
estudiantes de Tercer Ciclo
y Bachillerato, mediante actividades extracurriculares basadas en cinco
principios elementales: participación,
oportunidades, desarrollo,
educación y recreación;
- MEGATEC,
cuyo propósito es diseñar y poner en marcha una alternativa
educativa moderna, que aproveche y potencie la
educación media
técnica y superior tecnológica para formar capital humano que
dinamice el desarrollo productivo
regional;
- COMPRENDO,
su finalidad es mejorar las capacidades de razonamiento y análisis
matemático, así como las competencias
de comprensión y
expresión del lenguaje en los niños y las niñas de primer
ciclo de educación
básica, como base para lograr mayor
éxito escolar;
- REDES
ESCOLARES EFECTIVAS, tiene como propósito mejorar la eficiencia en la
provisión de los servicios educativos y
lograr que los niños y los
jóvenes de zonas de mayor pobreza y de mayor rezago educativo tengan
acceso a una educación
de calidad;
- CONÉCTATE,
cuyo objetivo es proveer al Sistema Educativo Nacional herramientas
tecnológicas que mejoren los niveles
de calidad académica y que
desarrollen, en los estudiantes, las competencias tecnológicas que exige
el ámbito
laboral actual, lo que permitirá elevar el nivel de
competitividad del país;
- COMPITE,
programa creado para desarrollar las competencias de los estudiantes de Tercer
Ciclo de Educación Básica y
Bachillerato en el manejo de la lengua
inglesa. Tales competencias lingüísticas son cuatro: hablar,
escuchar, leer y
escribir;
- EDUCACIÓN
PARA LA DIVERSIDAD. Adoptará mecanismos para favorecer el acceso, la
permanencia y la satisfacción
de necesidades de aprendizaje de las
niñas, los niños, los jóvenes y los adultos que presentan
necesidades educativas
especiales, ya sea que estén o no asociadas a
discapacidad;
- EDUCACIÓN
PREESCOLAR Y BASICA EN LA RED SOLIDARIA, para mejorar y aumentar la asistencia
oportuna a la educación formal
a fin de aumentar la escolaridad de la
población en los 100 municipios más pobres identificados en el
mapa de pobreza
del país;
- EDUCO.
Amplía la cobertura de los servicios educativos en parvularia y
básica en las áreas rurales del país,
especialmente las
más pobres y distantes. Se basa en la creación y
legalización de organizaciones de padres
y madres de familia (ACE),
encargadas de la administración de las transferencias del MINED y de la
contratación de
docentes.
4. Fondo Solidario
para la Salud[70]
- El
Fondo Solidario para la Salud (FOSALUD) fue creado, mediante Decreto Legislativo
del 17 de diciembre de
2004[71], como una entidad de
derecho público y utilidad pública, con personalidad
jurídica, de carácter técnico,
de duración
indefinida y con personalidad y patrimonio propio, con plena autonomía en
el ejercicio de sus funciones,
tanto en lo financiero como en lo administrativo
y presupuestario, con prohibición para transferir recursos, sujeto a un
reglamento
de ley emitido en un plazo de 120 días después de su
vigencia y que está adscrito al Ministerio de Salud Pública
y
Asistencia Social. Su Junta Directiva, presidida por el Ministro de Salud, fue
instalada el 18 de Abril de 2005, y el 31 de Mayo
de 2005 fue nombrado su
Director Ejecutivo.
- Los
objetivos del Programa son: a) velar por su sostenibilidad financiera,
así como por la eficiencia y eficacia, b) formular y ejecutar
programas integrales que atiendan las necesidades básicas de salud de la
población más
vulnerable del país, en coordinación
con el MSPAS, c) fomentar campañas de educación en salud, a
fin de prevenir enfermedades derivadas del uso y consumo de substancias
nocivas
y peligrosas para la salud de las personas.
- El
Programa ofrece un nuevo tipo de servicio de atención integral con las
siguientes características: a) la extensión de la cobertura
de promoción en salud y de atención de la consulta médica
preventiva, con
énfasis en el grupo materno-infantil, atención de
partos de bajo riesgo y salud bucal, b) la detección, manejo de
emergencias médico quirúrgicas, referencia y retorno de casos, y
c) la ampliación de horarios de atención a 24 horas, en
Unidades de Salud y atención en fines de semana en otras
Unidades que
carecen de este servicio durante el primer año.
- El
Programa espera obtener los siguientes resultados: a) beneficiar a
4,299,413 habitantes, b) satisfacer a los usuarios brindando una
atención con calidad y calidez, c) generar 1.586 empleos,
d) mejorar el acceso al sistema público de atención en
salud, e) favorecer el uso adecuado de la red de establecimientos y
f) mejorar el nivel de salud de los salvadoreños.
5. Centros de Bienestar Infantil (CBI), Centros de Desarrollo
Infantil (CDI)
y los Hogares de Atención Inicial (HAI) del
ISNA
- Estos
Centros brindan servicios de salud preventiva a través de controles
periódicos, de vacunación, consultas
médicas y
odontológicas y suplementarias de micronutrientes; así como
servicios de nutrición a través
de raciones diarias de almuerzo y
merienda; y estimulación temprana. Actualmente el ISNA cuenta con 202 CDI
que atienden a
una población de 4.833 niños y niñas, 15 CDI
que atienden una población de 1.245 niños y niñas
y 17 HAI
con alrededor de 170 niños y niñas.
6. Centros
Regionales y Oficinas Locales del ISNA
- Además,
el ISNA cuenta con tres delegaciones regionales ubicadas en la región
occidental, paracentral y oriental del
país, así como con catorce
oficinas locales adscritas a las tres delegaciones.
- Estas
oficinas locales son unidades operativas que buscan ante todo acercar el
servicio de promoción de derechos y protección
a la niñez y
adolescencia vulnerada, en y desde la comunidad.
- Plan
Estratégico Nacional (PEN) para la Prevención, Atención y
Control
del VIH-SIDA e ITS
2005-2009[72]
- Este
Plan Estratégico, elaborado tras una larga consulta nacional, se propone
adoptar un abordaje integral, y los responsables
de su implementación
serán: el MSPAS, CONASIDA, Fondo Global, ONGs, el Comité
Técnico Asesor y otras
alianzas.
- Los
objetivos estratégicos del PEN son:
- Coordinación
de la respuesta nacional con la participación de organizaciones e
instituciones gubernamentales, no gubernamentales,
privadas, Personas Viviendo
con VIH/SIDA (PVVS) y otros grupos;
- Incremento
de la oferta y cobertura de los servicios integrales de atención y
prevención del VIH-SIDA e ITS en El Salvador;
- Reducción
de la prevalencia de VIH-SIDA e ITS a poblaciones en condiciones de mayor
vulnerabilidad;
- Incremento
de los conocimientos para la aplicación de medidas de protección,
atención y control del VIH-SIDA
e ITS;
- Optimización
del sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica en VIH-SIDA e ITS para la toma
de decisiones en la respuesta nacional;
- Fortalecimiento
del Sistema Integrado de Monitoreo y Evaluación de VIH-SIDA e ITS
funcionando en El Salvador;
- Incremento
al respeto de los derechos humanos y la equidad de género en la
prevención, atención y control del
VIH-SIDA;
- Aplicación
de un marco legal y normativo que responda a las necesidades de la
población ante el VIH-SIDA.
8. Mortalidad
Materna: Línea Basal y Sistema de
Vigilancia[73]
- El
MSPAS y el ISSS oficializaron los resultados de la Línea Basal de
Mortalidad Materna. Con ello El Salvador cuenta con un
dato confiable sobre la
mortalidad materna de mujeres de 10 a 54 años registrada en los 262
municipios del país. El
informe cuenta con una sección especial
de recomendaciones para evitar nuevas muertes maternas.
- El
MSPAS ha establecido un Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de
Mortalidad Materna, implementando una metodología
innovadora a nivel de
América Latina y El Caribe, asimismo ha creado la Comisión
Nacional de Vigilancia de la Salud
Materna e Infantil que cuenta con
representantes de asociaciones científicas y profesionales, de
instituciones académicas
y de la sociedad civil.
9.
Programa Red Solidaria[74]
- El
7 de marzo de 2005 el Gobierno de El Salvador presenta oficialmente el programa
Red Solidaria como una de las más importantes
iniciativas en el
área social, combinando el papel tradicional de protección y
asistencia social con el desarrollo
social, es decir, al mismo tiempo que mejora
el ingreso de las familias en el corto plazo, promueve una disminución
sostenible
de la pobreza en el largo plazo, al mejorar las condiciones
educativas y de salud de las familias. El programa Red Solidaria responde
al
compromiso del Gobierno de El Salvador de establecer una red de
protección social para la población más pobre
y cerrar las
brechas geográficas, es coherente además con los esfuerzos por
cumplir los objetivos de desarrollo del
Milenio.
- Red
Solidaria atiende a la población rural de los 100 municipios más
pobres de El Salvador y parte de un concepto multidimensional
de la pobreza.
Ésta se entiende como una condición de escasez de ingreso,
así como también de falta de
acceso a la educación, la
salud y los servicios de infraestructura básica, tales como agua y
saneamiento básico,
electricidad y caminos rurales. Es decir, la pobreza
se concibe como la falta de oportunidades económicas y sociales.
- El
Programa está diseñado como una estrategia completa, integral, de
atención directa que funciona a través
de tres Ejes de
Intervención:
- Red
Solidaria a la Familia, contempla acciones focalizadas en las familias en
extrema pobreza, e incluye transferencias monetarias
o bonos para salud y
educación a la madre de familia o responsable. Asimismo considera la
corresponsabilidad de la familia
para matricular y enviar a los hijos a la
escuela, cumplir con los controles de crecimiento y vacunación de los
menores de
5 años y controles de salud de la mujer embarazada;
- Red
de Servicios Básicos a través del fortalecimiento de la red de
servicios de educación y salud y la mejora
del acceso a servicios
básicos como agua y saneamiento, electrificación,
etc.;
- Red
de Sostenibilidad a la Familia, considera proyectos para mejorar el entorno
productivo a través de diversificación
de fuentes de ingreso,
micro crédito, facilitar proyectos productivos, entre
otros.
- La
meta del Programa para los próximos cuatro años es atender a 100
mil familias en extrema pobreza, a un costo de 200
millones de dólares.
Para lograrlo se invertirá alrededor de 50 millones de dólarespor
año. Estos fondos
saldrán de cuatro fuentes: a) las
asignaciones de los distintos ministerios del Gobierno de El Salvador que
participan en el Programa, b) los aportes de la cooperación
internacional, c) los préstamos de organismos internacionales y
d) una partida específica del presupuesto nacional.
C. Recursos
- Las
cuentas nacionales publicadas no permiten analizar la asignación de
recursos para lograr específicamente los objetivos
de desarrollo del
Milenio y los objetivos y metas del PA-MAN. Sin embargo se pueden realizar
ciertas apreciaciones más generales
respecto a los recursos
públicos asignados a educación y salud, dos rubros que afectan
singularmente a los derechos
y a la calidad de vida de niños,
niñas y
adolescentes.[75]
1.
Educación
- La
proporción del gasto público en el ramo de Educación en
relación con el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB)
en 1995 fue de 1,95%, y
ascendió en 2006 a 2,97%; lo que significaría un incremento
promedio anual de + 0,10 puntos
porcentuales. Pero este ritmo general se
debilitó en el segundo quinquenio 2000-2004 llegando a + 0,04 puntos
anuales; dentro
de este quinquenio la proporción alcanzada en 2001 (3,4%)
fue debilitándose año con año hasta llegar
a 3.06%
en 2005[76].
- La
proporción del gasto público en el ramo de Educación en
relación con el Gasto Público Total
en 1995 fue de 13,56%, y
ascendió en 2006 a 15,3%; lo que significaría un incremento
promedio anual de 0.30 puntos
porcentuales. Pero esta tendencia al crecimiento
se detuvo en el segundo quinquenio 2000-2004, en el que se dio un decremento
promedio
de 0,15 puntos porcentuales anuales entre el año 2000 (17,28%) y
el 2004 (16,8%), siendo ésta última una proporción
de gasto
inferior a la de 1998. Además, la conducta observada en este
último quinquenio no ha sido clara: 17,28% en
2000, 19,74% en 2001,
14,02% en 2002 (inferior a la proporción del gasto de 1996), 18,8% en
2003, 16,8% en 2004 y 16,2% en
el 2005.
2. Salud
- La
proporción del gasto público en el ramo de Salud Pública y
Asistencia Social en relación con el PIB
en 1995 fue de 1,29%, y
ascendió en 2006 a 1,7%; lo que implicaría un incremento promedio
anual de 0.02 puntos porcentuales.
Pero esta leve tendencia al crecimiento se
revirtió en el segundo quinquenio 2000-2004, en el que se dio un
decremento promedio
de 0.01 puntos porcentuales anuales entre el año 2000
(1,6%) y el 2004 (1,5%), siendo ésta última una proporción
de gasto cercana a la de 1998; dentro de este quinquenio el proceso de
debilitamiento fue constante, sin embargo para los años
2005 y 2006 se
evidencia un incremento del gasto (1,6 y 1,7 respectivamente) lo cual
podría suponer el inicio de una tendencia
creciente en relación a
este rubro.
- La
proporción del gasto público en Salud Pública y Asistencia
Social en relación con el Gasto Público
Total en 1995 fue de
8,98%, y en el año 2006 significó el 8,6% del presupuesto total
del Estado. Esta tendencia a la
baja se evidenció desde el segundo
quinquenio 2000-2004, en el que se dio una reducción promedio de 0,31
puntos porcentuales
anuales entre el año 2000 (9,98%) y el 2004 (8,4%),
siendo ésta última una proporción de gasto inferior
a la de
1995.
D. Instrumentos de seguimiento
- Se
presenta en esta sección un balance de las innovaciones realizadas en el
período 2000-2005 así como de las proyecciones para el
período 2005-2010 por parte de las más importantes fuentes de
información
estadística del país.
1.
Encuesta de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples
- La
Encuesta de Hogares de Propósitos Múltiples (EHPM) es conducida
por un equipo especializado bajo la responsabilidad
de la DIGESTYC. Sus temas
fundamentales son: población, educación, vivienda, empleo, ingreso
y salud. Cada tema es
analizado desde la perspectiva del país en general,
y desde la perspectiva particular del área urbana, del área
rural
y del área metropolitana de San Salvador
(AMSS)
Innovaciones realizadas en el período
2000-2005
- Financiada
desde su inicio en 1975 por fondos de cooperación internacional, en 2003
la encuesta da un paso importante hacia
su institucionalización al asumir
el propio Gobierno de El Salvador su financiamiento en el presupuesto
nacional.
Proyecciones para el período 2005-2010
- La
proyección fundamental de DIGESTYC para el período 2005-2010
consiste en la elaboración de las diversas secciones
del nuevo
censo:
- El
censo económico (2005-2006);
- El
censo de ingresos y gastos, con una nueva estructura del índice de
precios (20052006);
- El
censo de población y vivienda (2007);
- El
censo agropecuario (2007).
2. Encuesta Nacional de
Salud Familiar
- La
Encuesta Nacional de Salud Familiar (FESAL) es conducida bajo la responsabilidad
de la Asociación Demográfica Salvadoreña
(ADS) con la
participación activa del Comité Consultivo Interinstitucional
(CCI)[77] y bajo la
asistencia técnica de los Centros para el Control y Prevención de
Enfermedades (CDC) con sede en Atlanta.
La encuesta, iniciada a partir de 1973,
se ha llevado a cabo con una periodicidad promedio de cinco años, y
pretende darle
seguimiento a la evolución de los comportamientos
reproductivos, de salud materna e infantil en El Salvador.
- Innovaciones
realizadas en el período 1998-2003:
- La
muestra ha sido ampliada con el objeto de poder analizar de manera diferenciada
la situación en cada uno de los 14 Departamentos
del país;
- La
investigación del componente VIH-SIDA se ha
profundizado;
- La
investigación sobre la asistencia escolar de niños y niñas
que no han cumplido los 15 años de edad
ha sido
incluida;
- El
estudio de la violencia intrafamiliar ha sido incluido;
- El
análisis del género masculino – con un cuestionario y una
sub-muestra específicos – ha sido
incluido.
Proyecciones para el período
2003-2008
- Actualmente
se gestiona el
financiamiento[78] necesario
para mantener el tamaño de la muestra general y para aumentar el
tamaño de la muestra específica para
la investigación sobre
el sexo masculino
3. Ministerio de Salud Pública y
Asistencia Social
- Se
ha logrado que el MSPAS reciba de manera sistemática y completa la
información del ISSS en materia de VIH-SIDA y
de vacunación,
así como la información del sector privado en materia de
inmunización.
- El
MSPAS se encuentra en una etapa avanzada de desarrollo de un Sistema de
Información que permitirá monitorear las
metas institucionales por
grupos de edades y áreas geográficas, e integrará en forma
automatizada la información
de los hospitales y de las unidades de
salud
4. Sistema de Información para la Infancia
- Bajo
la responsabilidad del ISNA, este sistema de información colecta datos
sobre niños, niñas y adolescentes
atendidos por las instituciones
de protección a la infancia en El Salvador, sobre sus familias y sobre
los centros que los
atienden; de esta manera el Sistema de Información
para la Infancia (SIPI) se constituye en un sistema estadístico
y de
indicadores que facilita la definición de políticas
institucionales, la toma de decisiones y la integración
de datos que a su
vez posibilitan el monitoreo del cumplimiento de la Convención sobre los
Derechos del Niño y de los
Programas que desarrolla el ISNA y otras
entidades de atención a la infancia y adolescencia.
- En
el año 2005 el SIPI ya está preparado para iniciar la
ejecución de dos innovaciones:
- El
procesamiento de la información desde las oficinas locales hacia la
oficina central;
- Ea
sistematización de los programas en beneficio de los niños y
adolescentes y de la cobertura de tales programas ejecutados
por las
Organizaciones no Gubernamentales – ONG’s – inscritas en el
ISNA.
5. Proyección de Creación de una
Nueva Institución Nacional Articuladora
- Persisten
las gestiones tendientes a crear un ente nacional de mayor nivel capaz de
articular y potenciar los diversos sistemas de
información vigentes en el
Estado.
- Se
ha logrado establecer de manera conjunta la Línea de Base de la
Mortalidad Materna
E. Asociaciones, alianzas y
niveles de participación
- Algunas
de las actividades y proyecciones en el ámbito nacional que han sido
señaladas arriba en las secciones 2 y 4
están construidas sobre
una dinámica asociativa, que implica la creación de alianzas y una
ampliación
de la participación con el objeto de impulsar mejor las
metas y objetivos propuestos. En esta sección se hace referencia
a un
proyecto que se desarrolla en el ámbito internacional.
1.
Plan Subregional de Promoción de la Salud
- Los
países miembros de
RESSCAD[79], las
Repúblicas de Belice, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa
Rica, Panamá y República Dominicana,
han suscrito este Plan
Subregional para los próximos cinco años aceptando los siguientes
desafíos:
- Situar
la Promoción de la Salud como prioridad fundamental en las
políticas y programas de salud locales, regionales,
nacionales e
internacionales a fin de mejorar la calidad de vida y fortalecer el desarrollo
sostenible.
- Consolidar
el proceso participativo para la construcción de una Política
Nacional de Promoción de la Salud.
- Elaborar
e implementar los Planes Nacionales y Planes Locales de Promoción de la
Salud con enfoque intersectorial a partir
de la identificación de
prioridades en salud
- Impulsar
y fortalecer el desarrollo de investigaciones científicas sobre
prioridades determinadas en Promoción de la
Salud, como herramienta para
la toma de decisiones en la reorientación de los recursos financieros y
operacionales a fin de
crear la capacidad humana nacional requerida.
- Fortalecer
la capacitación y formación de recursos humanos nacionales, para
el desarrollo de acciones de Promoción
de la Salud mediante alianzas con
las Instituciones Formadoras.
- Conformar
un “Consejo Subregional para la Promoción de la Salud” y
“Consejo Nacional para la Promoción
de la Salud”.
- Establecer
y fortalecer, para la Subregión, Redes Sociales e instancias de
participación como apoyo a la gestión
de la Promoción de la
Salud.
- Desarrollar
herramientas y mecanismos de monitoreo y evaluación de las acciones
realizadas en Promoción de la Salud,
a fin de medir el impacto en los
indicadores de salud.
- Revisar
y reformular los Planes Nacionales y Locales basados en el análisis de
los procesos de monitoreo y evaluación.
- Evaluar
la inversión intersectorial en Promoción de la Salud.
- Identificar
y reforzar mecanismos de sostenibilidad para las actividades intersectoriales en
Promoción de la Salud.
- Sistematizar
las experiencias en Promoción de la Salud, institucionales y de la
sociedad civil, basadas en evidencias.
- Compartir
experiencias y lecciones aprendidas documentadas, con todos los sectores
nacionales y con los países de la subregión.
- Lograr
el empoderamiento y el trabajo intersectorial (público, privado y de la
sociedad civil) que promuevan las condiciones
de vida necesarias para mejorar la
calidad de vida y el desarrollo sostenible, a nivel subregional, nacional y
local.
- Fortalecer
la Comunicación Social efectiva.
- Involucrar
a los Organismos de Cooperación Internacional para apoyar las iniciativas
en Promoción de la Salud que se
propongan.
- Actualizar
los marcos jurídicos como una base sólida para la Promoción
de la Salud
- Se
espera obtener, al término de dos años, los siguientes
resultados:
- Políticas
Públicas Saludables desarrollándose;
- Redes
Sociales en Promoción de la Salud funcionando;
- Planes
Nacionales de Promoción de la Salud con metas y objetivos prioritarios,
con enfoque intersectorial, evaluados;
- Recursos
Humanos, formados y capacitados en Promoción de la Salud;
- Servicios
de Salud reorientados hacia la Promoción de la Salud;
- Recursos
financieros del estado en apoyo a la Promoción de la Salud;
- Organismos
de Cooperación Internacional apoyando las
iniciativas.
F. Situación y
perspectivas del proceso hacia los objetivos y metas
- Se
constatarán a continuación los datos más recientes a nivel
nacional sobre la situación y las perspectivas
del proceso hacia los
objetivos y metas del PA-MAN en el contexto de los objetivos de desarrollo del
Milenio (ODM) y la Declaración
del Milenio.
- En
lo que se refiere a las perspectivas de cumplimiento de metas, se ha comenzado
por establecer en cada caso el ritmo promedio de
incremento o decremento en el
comportamiento del indicador tanto en el período general 1990-2006 como
en el período
más reciente que en la mayoría de los casos
es 2000-2005/2006. A partir de ambos datos y del valor del indicador en
2005/2006 se realiza una simple proyección lineal. De esta manera, cuando
se concluye que existe o no existe una perspectiva
razonable de cumplimiento de
meta se asume en todo caso, como hipótesis de trabajo, la persistencia de
los ritmos observados,
tanto en el período general 1990-2006 como en el
más reciente. Pero también se asume como hipótesis de
trabajo la tendencia a la prevalencia que tendrá de hecho la conducta
más reciente sobre la conducta del próximo
quinquenio, a no ser
que se interponga una decisión efectiva para modificarlo.
- El
análisis de la conducta de cada indicador irá precedido por un
pequeño recuadro con los datos básicos:
a) el contenido del
indicador, b) la meta establecida en términos generales, junto con
el año asignado para su cumplimiento y la referencia al texto
oficial en
el que ha quedado establecida, y c) el valor de la meta concreta para El
Salvador calculado sobre la base del comportamiento del indicador en
1990.
TEMA I: Promoviendo estilos de vida
saludables
1. Objetivo: Erradicar la pobreza extrema y el hambre (ODM 1)
1
|
Porcentaje de personas cuyos ingresos son inferiores a 1
dólar por
día [80]
|
META: Reducir a la mitad (2015) (ODM 1)
|
16,3%
|
- Partiendo
de un 32,6% a nivel nacional en 1991 y considerando la tendencia hacia la baja
reflejada en el 15,9% para el año
de 2005; La meta proyectada a nivel
nacional para el año 2015 (16,3) ya ha sido
cumplida.
2
|
Incidencia de la pobreza extrema o crítica - como el
porcentaje de hogares cuyos ingresos no son suficientes para satisfacer los
costos de la canasta básica de alimentos
-
|
META: Reducir a la mitad (2015) (ODM 1)
|
15,3 %
|
- El
28,2% de pobreza extrema a nivel nacional en 1991 ha sido reducido en 15,9
puntos a 12.3%[81] para el 2005; la
meta proyectada para 2015 (15.3%) ya ha sido
cumplida.[82]
|
Incidencia de la pobreza relativa- como el porcentaje de hogares
cuyos ingresos son suficientes para cubrir la Canasta Básica Alimentaria
no así para
satisfacer los costos de la canasta básica ampliada -
|
META: Reducir a la mitad (2015) (ODM 1)
|
17,8%
|
- El
31,5% de pobreza relativa a nivel nacional en 1991 ha sido reducido en 8,7
puntos para el 2005 (22,82%); esto significa un promedio
de reducción
anual de – 0,61 puntos de porcentaje. Asumiendo la sostenibilidad de este
ritmo general para los 10 años
siguientes sería razonable
proyectar la superación de la meta 2015 con un 16% de pobreza relativa a
nivel nacional.[83]
- Sin
embargo, el proceso de reducción experimentado entre 1990 y 2005 no ha
sido homogéneo ni siempre sostenido. Mientras
en el primer quinquenio
(1990–1995) se logró un promedio de – 0,5 puntos de
porcentaje al año, y en el
segundo quinquenio (1995–2000) el
promedio ascendió sustancialmente a – 1,4 puntos al año, en
cambio en
el tercer quinquenio (2000–2005) la incidencia de la pobreza
relativa a nivel nacional se ha mantenido año 2000 (con
22.8%) y el
año 2005 (con 22,8%). A nivel nacional es viable alcanzar la meta 2015
si se acelera el ritmo de cambio de este
indicador.
|
Tasa de desnutrición global – severa y moderada –
como la proporción de niños y niñas de 3 a 59 meses
de edad que caen bajo dos desviaciones estándar de la mediana de
peso/edad.
|
META: Reducir en un tercio (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 36 (c))
|
7.5%
|
META: Reducir a la mitad (2015) (ODM
1) [84]
|
5.6%
|
- La
tasa de 11.2% en 1991[85]
descendió a 10,3% en
2003[86]; un decremento de 0,9
puntos en 10 años, a un ritmo promedio de 0,09 puntos al año. Sin
embargo es importante mencionar
que en el primer tramo (1990-1995) la tasa
creció, y no fue hasta el segundo tramo, entre
1995[87] y 2000, que
descendió con un promedio anual de 0,3 puntos al año. De
mantenerse este ritmo más reciente es viable
que el país cumpla
las metas 2010 y
2015.
|
Tasa de bajo peso al nacer – como la proporción de
niños y niñas nacidos vivos que pesaron por debajo de 2.5 Kgs. o
5.5 libras –
|
META: Reducir al menos en un tercio (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 36 (c))
|
5.5%
|
META: Reducir a la mitad (2015) (ODM
1) [88]
|
4.1%
|
- Este
indicador muestra una tendencia general no sostenida: 8,2% para el
período 1988-1993 (1990), asciende a 12,3% para el
período
1993-1998 (1995) y desciende a 9,4% para el período 1993-2002. Si se
mantiene una tendencia descendente pronunciada,
es probable plantear el
cumplimiento de la meta tanto para 2010 como para
2015.[89]
B.
Objetivo: Reducir la mortalidad infantil (ODM 4)
|
Tasa de mortalidad infantil (0 a 11 meses) – como el
número de defunciones de niños y niñas menores de
1 año de edad por 1000
nacidos vivos –
|
META: Reducirla en un tercio (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 36 (a))
|
27.3
|
META: Reducirla en dos tercios (2015) (ODM 4)
|
13.7
|
- La
meta 2010 de mortalidad infantil (27,3) ya fue alcanzada y superada durante el
período 1998-2002, a nivel nacional, con
una tasa de 24.
- Para
el año 2006 el Ministerio de Salud Pública reporta una tasa
incluso más reducida de 12,75 por mil nacidos
vivos. En este sentido la
meta de reducir en dos tercios este indicador también ya ha sido cumplida
y superada por el país,
por lo que por lo que es razonable proyectar el
mantener cumplida la meta hasta el año 2015.
|
Tasa de mortalidad en la niñez (1-4) – como el
número de defunciones de niños y niñas de 1 a 4 años
cumplidos por 1000 nacidos
vivos –
|
META: Reducirla en un tercio (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 36 (a))
|
8
|
META: Reducirla en dos tercios (2015) (ODM 4)
|
4
|
- La
meta 2010 de mortalidad en la niñez (8) ya fue alcanzada y superada
durante el período 1998-2002, a nivel nacional,
con tasa 6.
- De
similar manera es muy probable proyectar el cumplimiento de la meta
2015.
3. Objetivo: Mejorar la salud materna (ODM
5)
|
Tasa de mortalidad materna – como el número de
defunciones de mujeres por causa materna por 100.000 nacidos vivos – /
reducirla en un tercio
(2010) (PA-MANA A, 1, 36 (b)); en tres cuartas partes
(2015) (ODM 5)
|
META: Reducirla en un tercio (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 36 (b))
|
105.3
|
META: Reducirla en tres cuartas partes (2015) (ODM 5)
|
39.5
|
- Los
resultados arrojados por FESAL sobre este indicador muestran una aparente
tendencia general hacia el crecimiento más que
hacia la reducción,
aunque con una conducta no sostenida, una tasa de 158 para el período
1983-1993 (1988), disminuye
a 120 para el período 1988-1998 (1993) y
asciende a 173 para el período 1993-2002 (1998).
- Más
allá de estos resultados, aquí subyace un problema de falta de
precisión estadística en la
metodología de encuesta por
muestreo aleatorio de viviendas utilizada en la obtención de estos datos,
por lo que la
misma FESAL recomienda usar otras fuentes de información y
otras metodologías para detectar tendencias en este
indicador.[90]
- Dada
la necesidad de mejorar el registro de la mortalidad materna, el Ministerio de
Salud Pública y Asistencia Social ha trabajado
en el fortalecimiento del
sistema de vigilancia para establecer una línea base de la razón
de mortalidad materna y
dotar de parámetros de comparación para el
futuro.
- El
resultado obtenido del estudio de línea base, realizado entre el 1 de
junio de 2005 y el 31 de mayo de 2006, concluye que
la razón de
mortalidad materna a nivel nacional para el período estudiado es de 71.2
por 100 mil nacidos
vivos[91]. Con esta nueva
medición el país puede dar por cumplida la meta para el 2010 y es
probable alcanzar la meta 2015.
4. Objetivo: Combatir las enfermedades (ODM 6)
|
Cobertura de inmunización completa y total – BCG,
DPT/Pentavalente, Polio, Sarampión/SPR o las cuatro vacunas en conjunto
– de niños y niñas
menores de 5 años de edad que
viven con la madre.
|
META: garantizar cobertura del 90% (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 37 (7))
|
90%
|
- La
norma en El Salvador para la aplicación de la vacuna contra el
Sarampión era a los 9 meses cumplidos mientras que
la norma actual para
la aplicación de la SPR es al año de edad. Por ello ha parecido
conveniente utilizar en primer
lugar en este informe el indicador de
inmunización total en niños y niñas de 12 a 59 meses de
edad, en lugar
del indicador sugerido de inmunización total en
niños y niñas menores de 1 año. A continuación
se
analizarán otros indicadores complementarios.
- La
cobertura del 76.7% en 1990 ha crecido solo 4,4 puntos porcentuales, a 81,2%,
en 10 años (2002) [92].
La situación mostró cierto dinamismo entre 1990 y 1995 pero en el
siguiente quinquenio la cobertura ha experimentado
solo una leve tendencia al
crecimiento. De continuar los esfuerzos de inmunización que está
realizando el Ministerio
de Salud Pública, es probable que el país
pueda lograr la meta para
2010.
|
Cobertura de inmunización completa de BCG contra la
Tuberculosis de los niños y niñas menores de 1 año.
|
META: garantizar cobertura del 90% (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 37 (7))
|
90%
|
- A
escala nacional la meta ha sido cumplida durante el período
1993-1998.[93] Para el
año 2006 el dato que refleja el Ministerio de Salud Pública es de
92,8% de
cobertura.
|
Cobertura de inmunización completa de DPT contra la Difteria,
Tétano y Tos ferina de los niños y niñas menores de 1
año.
|
META: garantizar cobertura del 90% (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 37 (7))
|
90%
|
- Según
datos del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social, para el
año 2006 el porcentaje de cobertura
de DPT/Pentavalente fue de 95.7%, por
lo cual puede afirmarse que la meta 2010 ha sido
cumplida.[94]
|
Cobertura de inmunización completa de POLIO contra la
Poliomielitis de los niños y niñas menores de 1 año.
|
META: garantizar cobertura del 90% (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 37 (7))
|
90%
|
- Según
datos del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social, para el
año 2006 el porcentaje de cobertura
de Antipolio fue de
95,5%[95], por lo cual puede
afirmarse que la meta 2010 ha sido cumplida.
|
Cobertura de inmunización completa - una dosis - contra el
Sarampión - SPR -
de los niños y niñas entre 12 y 23 meses de edad.
|
META: garantizar cobertura del 90% (2010) (PA-MANA A, 1, 37 (7))
|
90%
|
- Dado
que la norma actual para la aplicación de la SPR es al año de
edad, se utiliza este indicador referido a los niños
y niñas entre
los 12 y 23 meses de edad.
- La
meta para el año 2010 de lograr un 90% de cobertura de
inmunización completa con una dosis contra el sarampión
(SPR) ya
ha sido cumplida, ya que para el año 2006 el Ministerio de Salud
Pública y Asistencia Social reporta un porcentaje
de cobertura de
vacunación contra el sarampión de un
98,0%[96]. De mantener los esfuerzos
que está realizando el país en esta área, es muy probable
plantear que la meta se
mantenga cumplida hasta el año 2010.
|
Prevalencia de infecciones agudas de las vías
respiratorias – IRA – en las últimas dos semanas en
niños y niñas menores de 5 años de edad.
|
- META:
Reducir en una tercera parte (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 37 (11))
|
39,6
|
- Las
reducciones sustanciales de prevalencia de IRA (del 26,5%) obtenidas durante el
período 1993-1998 con respecto al período
anterior 1988-1993, no
fueron sostenidas durante el período siguiente 1998-2003, en donde se dio
un incremento (del 9,4%)
aunque de menor magnitud, de tal manera que no
logró cancelar las reducciones de períodos anteriores, pero
sí
ha impedido que se pueda definir una tendencia clara y firme hacia la
reducción de la prevalencia de IRA en el siguiente período.
- Sin
embargo, considerando que la prevalencia inicial (59,4%) en 1990 (1988-1992) se
redujo en 17,1 puntos en 10 años (2002,
– 42,3%), se considera muy
probable que la dinámica de los períodos anteriores pueda
reproducirse en el siguiente
período, para alcanzar y superar la meta
2010
(39,6).
|
Prevalencia de la diarrea – como la proporción de
niños y niñas menores de 5 años de edad que tuvieron
diarrea en las últimas
dos semanas.
|
META: Reducir a la mitad (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 37 (11))
|
12,2 %
|
- La
prevalencia inicial (24,4) en 1990 (1988-1992) ha sido reducida en 10.6 puntos
en 10 años, representando un porcentaje de
138%[97] lo cual indica que
es muy probable que el país cumpla la meta para el año 2010 a
nivel nacional.
|
Prevalencia de ANEMIA entre niños y niñas menores de 5
años de edad - como la proporción de niños y niñas
de ese rango de edades que por su nivel
de hemoglobina padecen anemia
según los criterios de CDC (Morbility and Mortality Weekly Report
- MMWR), 1998) -
|
META: reducir en una tercera parte (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 37 (22))
|
12,6%
|
- Según
la FESAL, a nivel nacional para los años 2002-2003 el 19,8% de los
niños y niñas de 12 a 59 meses
presentaron anemia, lo que indica
un estancamiento en la situación desde 1998. Entre los quinquenios
1993-1998 y 1998-2003
el indicador se movió para crecer apenas
0,9 puntos porcentuales. Si se mantiene una tendencia descendente
pronunciada, es
probable plantear el cumplimiento de la meta tanto para 2010
como para
2015.[98]
|
Prevalencia de ANEMIA entre madres de niños menores de 5
años de edad - como la proporción de madres de niños y
niñas de ese rango
de edades que por su nivel de hemoglobina padecen
anemia según los criterios de CDC (MMWR, 1998) -
|
META: reducir en una tercera parte (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 37 (22))
|
5,9%
|
- Entre
los quinquenios 1993-1998 y 1998-2003 el indicador no se movió de 8.8%.
De continuar este estancamiento en el indicador,
sería poco probable el
cumplimiento de la meta para el año
2010.[99]
|
Numero de casos de paludismo entre personas menores de 14
años de edad.
|
META: detener y comenzar a reducir (2015) (ODM 6)
|
|
- El
MSPAS[100] no aporta datos de
1990. Para 1995 reporta 1458 casos, 242 casos para 2000 y 10 casos par 2005. La
meta ya ha sido
cumplida.
|
Defunciones causadas por el sarampión en la población
que no ha cumplido los 4 años de edad.
|
META: reducir a la mitad (2005) (PA-MAN A, 1, 37 (7))
|
|
- Al
menos desde 1991 hasta 2005 no se registran defunciones confirmadas por
sarampión.[101] La meta ha
sido
cumplida.
|
Tétanos materno
|
META: erradicado (2005) (PA-MAN A, 1, 37 (7))
|
0
|
- No
se reportan casos de tétanos materno entre 2000 y
2005.[102] La meta ha sido
cumplida.
|
Tétanos neonatal
|
META: erradicado (2005) (PA-MAN A, 1, 37 (7))
|
0
|
- En
el año 2000 se reportó un caso y otro en
2005[103], por lo tanto la meta
para el 2005 no fue cumplida por el país, sin embargo durante todo el
año 2006 y hasta la semana
11 del 2007 el Ministerio de Salud
Pública no reporta ningún caso de tétanos
neonatal.
|
Poliomielitis
|
META: Certificar su eliminación (2005) (PA-MAN A, 1, 37 (8))
|
0
|
- Está
actualmente vigente la certificación de eliminación de la
poliomielitis que recibió El Salvador en
1987, por lo tanto la meta ha
sido cumplida.[104]
|
Tasa de prevalencia de la tuberculosis, como el número
de casos de tuberculosis por 100000 habitantes.
|
META: reducir a la mitad (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 37 (11))
|
|
- El
MSPAS no reporta la tasa de 1990. En 2000 la tasa fue de 24, y en 2006 fue de
23.1. Si se mantiene una tendencia descendente pronunciada,
es probable plantear
el cumplimiento de la meta tanto para 2010 como para
2015.[105]
|
Muertes causadas por la tuberculosis
|
META: reducir a la mitad (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 37 (11))
|
|
- El
MSPAS reporta 33 defunciones en 1997 y 44 en
2006[106]. Estos datos indican que
es poco probable proyectar el cumplimiento de la meta para el 2010.
5. Objetivo: Garantizar la sostenibilidad del medio ambiente
(ODM 7)
|
Proporción de hogares que carecen de acceso al agua potable
entubada, sea que esté servida con conexión domiciliaria, sea
que esté servida en fuente pública de fácil
acceso. [107]
|
|
META: reducir en un tercio (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 36 (d))
|
30,7%
|
META: reducir a la mitad (2015) (ODM 7)
|
23,0%
|
- Entre
1991 y 2005 la proporción de hogares sin acceso logró descender de
46,06% a 31,92%, lo que representa un decremento
de 14,17 puntos porcentuales,
con un promedio anual de –0,94 puntos. De continuar a este ritmo general
es muy probable que
el país alcance las metas 2010 y
2015.[108]
- Sin
embargo, esta dinámica general no ha sido homogénea a lo largo de
estos quince años. Mientras en el período
1990-1995 se
logró un decremento promedio anual de – 0.95 puntos porcentuales,
en el período 1995-1999 alcanzó
su momento álgido con un
promedio de – 1.8 puntos, pero en el período más
reciente entre 1999-2005 el
decremento se debilitó sustancialmente con un
promedio anual de apenas – 0.34 puntos, el más bajo desde 1990.
En
caso de persistir el ritmo de este último período, el país
podrá alcanzar la meta 2010. La meta ODM
para 2015 requiere una
reducción de 8 puntos en 10 años, lo cual es muy probable si se
continúan los esfuerzos
por brindar a la población un mayor acceso
a fuentes de agua
entubada.
|
Proporción de hogares que carecen de acceso a servicios
higiénicos, privados o públicos, de exposición de
excretas por medio de a) alcantarillado, b) fosa séptica o
c) letrina
|
META: reducir en un tercio (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 36 (d))
|
16.11%
|
- Este
indicador general tiene una limitación: da cabida a tres tipos muy
heterogéneos de servicios – alcantarillado,
fosa séptica y
letrina – de diferente calidad en cuanto a su capacidad de impacto en la
salud pública. Por ello
se hace necesario diferenciar el indicador para
cada uno de esos tipos de servicios.
- Entre
1991 y 2005 la proporción de hogares que carecen de acceso a alguno de
estos tres tipos de servicios logró descender
de 24,16% a 10,12%, lo que
representa un decremento de 14,04 puntos porcentuales, con un promedio anual de
–0,94 puntos, lo
cual muestra que la meta para el 2010 (16.11%) ya ha sido
cumplida y superada a nivel nacional.
[109]
|
Proporción de hogares que carecen de acceso a servicios
higiénicos, privados o públicos, de exposición de
excretas por medio de alcantarillado.
|
META: reducir en un tercio (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 36 (d))
|
47.29%
|
- Entre
1991 y 2005 la proporción de hogares que carecen de acceso a servicios
higiénicos por medio de alcantarillado
logró descender de 70,93% a
59,25%, lo que representa un decremento de 11,68 puntos porcentuales, con un
promedio anual de
–0,78 puntos. El ritmo del decremento fue menor en el
período 1997-2005, con un promedio anual de –0,42 puntos
porcentuales. Si se mantiene una tendencia descendente pronunciada, es probable
plantear el cumplimiento de la meta tanto para 2010
como para
2015.[110]
|
Proporción de hogares que carecen de acceso a servicios
higiénicos, privados o públicos, de exposición de
excretas por medio de alcantarillado o por medio de fosa
séptica.
|
META: reducir en un tercio (2010) (PA-MAN A, 1, 36 (d))
|
44,99%
|
- Entre
1991 y 2005 la proporción de hogares que carecen de acceso a servicios
higiénicos ya sea por medio de alcantarillado
o por medio de fosa
séptica logró descender de 67,49% a 50,03%, lo que representa un
decremento de – 17.46 puntos
porcentuales, con un promedio anual de
– 1.16 puntos. Además, el ritmo del decremento fue mayor en el
período
1997-2005 con un promedio anual de – 1.34 puntos
porcentuales; de mantenerse este ritmo más reciente, también
podría proyectarse como probable el cumplimiento de la meta para
2010.
[111]
TEMA II: Promoviendo una educación de calidad para
todos y todas
6. Objetivo: Lograr la enseñanza primaria universal (ODM 2);
eliminar las desigualdades entre los géneros en la enseñanza
(ODM
3)
|
Proporción de personas entre 11 y 14 años cumplidos
que no han aprobado los cuatro primeros grados de enseñanza
primaria – de 1er grado a 4º grado –
|
META: Reducir a cero (2015) (ODM 2)
|
0
|
- En
1990, el 49,82% de personas entre 10 y 14 años cumplidos no había
aprobado los cuatro primeros grados; para 2005
esa proporción ha
descendido a 25,34%, lo que significa un decremento general de 24,48 puntos
porcentuales en 15 años,
con un promedio anual de
–1,63 puntos. De mantenerse este ritmo general sería poco
probable proyectar el cumplimiento
de la meta para el 2015.
|
Tasa neta de asistencia a la enseñanza básica, como la
proporción de niños, niñas y adolescentes, entre 7 y
15 años cumplidos que asisten al nivel básico –
de 1º a 9º grados – del sistema escolar.
|
META: 90% (2010) (PA-MAN, A, 2, 39, (b))
|
90
|
|
META: 100% (2015) (ODM 2)
|
100
|
- A
nivel nacional, la tasa de asistencia de 75,54% en 1990 ha crecido a
89,7%[112] en 2006, un
crecimiento absoluto de 14,16 puntos porcentuales con un promedio anual de +0,88
puntos. Este ritmo de crecimiento permitiría
proyectar alcanzar tanto la
meta 2010 como para el 2015, siempre y cuando se mantengan los esfuerzos
nacionales por ampliar la cobertura
de la educación
básica.
- Es
importante mencionar que el ritmo de crecimiento de este indicador no ha sido
homogéneo a lo largo de esos 16 años,
sino que ha sido superior en
el último período 2000-2006, en el que ha alcanzado un promedio
anual de +1,14 puntos.
Esta información sustenta la idea que si se
mantiene este ritmo de crecimiento, se puede proyectar como muy probable el
logro
de ambas metas (tanto para 2010 como para el
2015).
|
Proporción de niños, niñas y adolescentes, en
edad escolar – entre 7 y 17 años cumplidos de edad –
que no asisten a los niveles primario o secundario del sistema
escolar.
|
META: Reducir a la mitad (2010) (PA-MANA A, 2, 39, (b))
|
14.49%
|
- A
nivel nacional, la proporción de no asistentes de 28,97% en 1990 ha
disminuido a 13,88% en 2005, un decremento general de
15,10 puntos porcentuales,
con un promedio anual de – 1.01 puntos. El ritmo del decremento en el
tercer quinquenio 2000-2005,
con un promedio anual de – 1.26 puntos, fue
superior al de los dos quinquenios anteriores. Con ello la meta 2010 ya ha sido
cumplida y superada.
[113]
|
Índice de alfabetización de adultos – como el
porcentaje de personas de 15 o más años de edad capaces
de leer,
escribir y comprender un texto corto y sencillo sobre su vida cotidiana.
|
META: Aumentar un 50% (2015) (PA-MANA A, 2, 39, (f))
|
100%
|
- La
meta de aumentar en un 50% el índice de alfabetización de adultos
del país en 1990 (71.50%) significaría
alcanzar la
alfabetización total para 2015. Entre 1991 y 2005 el índice
logró ascender a 83.40%, lo que representa
un incremento de + 11,90
puntos de porcentaje, con un promedio anual de + 0,79 puntos. Si se mantiene una
tendencia ascendente, es
probable plantear el cumplimiento de la meta para
2015.
TEMA III: Combatiendo el VIH–SIDA (ODM
6)
7. Detener y comenzar a reducir la propagación (ODM 3)
|
Tasa de incidencia anual del VIH-SIDA – como la
cantidad de personas que han sido reportadas cada año viviendo con
VIH-SIDA por cada 100.000 habitantes.
|
META: Detener y comenzar a reducir (2015) (ODM 6)
|
|
- Según
el Programa Nacional de Control y Prevención de
ITS/VIH/SIDA,[114] la tasa de
incidencia anual había presentado un incremento progresivo hasta el
año 2003, tanto en el caso del VIH positivo
como en los casos de SIDA.
Este crecimiento ha sido particularmente notable a partir del año 2000,
con un promedio anual de
765 nuevos casos de VIH y de 779 casos de SIDA, lo cual
puede ser el resultado de una mejoría en el sistema de vigilancia
epidemiológica y de la mayor disponibilidad de la prueba del VIH gratuita
a nivel nacional, aunque no hay razón para
afirmar que este
fenómeno no responda también a un incremento sostenido – y
agudizado más recientemente
– del nivel de riesgo en el
país.[115]
- Sin
embargo, es importante mencionar que a partir de los años 2003 y 2004,
gracias a los esfuerzos nacionales, la tasa de incidencia
de VIH se ha logrado
reducir en 3 puntos, pasando de 20 en 2004 a 17,3 en el año 2005,
igualmente la tasa de SIDA se ha logrado
reducir de 10.2 en el 2004 a 6,2 para
el año 2005; en consecuencia, de continuar la misma dinámica
actual, sería
probable que el país pueda detener la enfermedad.
- Uno
de los mayores logros en la lucha contra el VIH/SIDA en el país se
evidencia en la reducción de casos de VIH y SIDA
en menores de un
año hasta el 2005, dato que ha pasado de 92 en el año 2000 a 20 en
el
2005.[116]
34
|
Proporción de hombres y mujeres de 15 a 24 años que
tienen acceso a la información necesaria para reducir su
vulnerabilidad a la infección de VIH.
|
META: 90% (2005) (PA-MAN A, 4, 47 (2))
|
90%
|
META: 95% (2010) (PA-MAN A, 4, 47 (2))
|
95%
|
- Analizando
el comportamiento observado en el período 1998-2003 por el conjunto de
indicadores comprendidos en el Cuadro I,
adjuntado a continuación, con la
excepción de uno de ellos – 34 a – que se refiere al
“haber oído
hablar del VIH/SIDA”, se puede mencionar que la
meta 2005 no ha sido cumplida y por ende se realizan mayores esfuerzos en
relación
a las campañas de prevención del VIH/SIDA, con el
fin de contar con las condiciones necesarias que permitan al país
cumplir
la meta al 2010.
CUADRO I
|
|
Grupo
|
%
|
34 a
|
Conocen – han oído hablar – del VIH/SIDA
|
|
98,0
|
|
96,1
|
|
94,9
|
34 b
|
Conocen las tres formas de prevención primaria de la
transmisión sexual del
VIH/SIDA [121] en su
conjunto
|
H:15-59
|
46,3
|
M:15-49
|
60,2
|
M:15-24
|
57,8
|
34 c
|
Ausencia de los tres conocimientos erróneos locales
más comunes sobre el
SIDA [122] en su
conjunto
|
H: 15-59
|
17,8
|
M:15-49
|
19,3
|
M:15-24
|
21,2
|
34 d
|
Saben dónde hacen la prueba del VIH
|
H: 15-59
|
41,4
|
M:15-49
|
41,4
|
M:15-24
|
41,9
|
34 e
|
Perciben algún riesgo de infectarse del VIH
|
H: 15-59
|
27,2
|
M:15-49
|
26,3
|
M:15-24
|
25,8
|
34 f
|
Se hicieron la prueba del VIH
|
H: 15-59
|
13,1
|
M:15-49
|
11,9
|
M:15-24
|
7,5
|
34 g
|
Se hicieron voluntariamente la prueba del VIH
|
H: 15-59
|
5,3
|
M:15-49
|
6,3
|
M:15-24
|
4,8
|
34 h
|
Se hicieron voluntariamente la prueba del VIH y recibieron los
resultados de la prueba
|
H: 15-59
|
4,9
|
M:15-49
|
5,9
|
M:15-24
|
4,4
|
35
|
Proporción de mujeres embarazadas con acceso a
atención antes del parto que reciben información, asesoramiento
y otros servicios de prevención del VIH disponibles para ellas.
|
META: 80% (2010) (PA-MAN A, 4, 46 (b))
|
80%
|
- El
Salvador ha realizado grandes esfuerzos para reducir el contagio vertical del
virus, lo cual se demuestra en el índice de
positividad de las mujeres
embarazadas que se redujo de 0.22 a 0.14 para el año
2005[123]. Con
relación al año 2004 se registró una disminución de
23.8% en el número total de mujeres embarazadas
con VIH y una
reducción de 0.08% en la prevalencia de VIH en este grupo.
- Sin
embargo, existe aún retos pendientes en el conjunto de indicadores
comprendidos en el Cuadro II, (adjuntado a continuación)
que están
íntimamente relacionados con el logro de esta meta, lo cual permite
visualizar como probable el cumplimiento
de la meta 2010 de incrementar
esfuerzos en la dinámica actual de los
mismos.
CUADRO II
|
2000 – 2003 Mujeres de 15 a 24
años[124]
|
Sexo
|
%
|
35 a
|
Recibieron orientación sobre la prueba del VIH durante el
control prenatal de su último embarazo terminado a partir de enero
2000.
|
F
|
27.8
|
35 b
|
Les ofrecieron la oportunidad de hacerse la prueba del VIH durante
el control prenatal de su último embarazo terminado a partir de enero
2000
|
F
|
15.4
|
35 c
|
Se hicieron voluntariamente la prueba del VIH durante el control
prenatal de su último embarazo terminado a partir de enero 2000
|
F
|
11.5
|
35 d
|
Se hicieron voluntariamente la prueba del VIH y recibieron los
resultados de la prueba durante el control prenatal de su último
embrazo terminado a partir de enero 2000
|
F
|
10.2
|
G. Conclusiones
- El
país ha logrado superar objetivos del 2010-2015 según los datos
que presentan las diferentes instituciones hasta
el año 2005 –
2006. De las 35 metas que presenta el Plan de Acción, el país ha
logrado cumplir 16 de ellas,
mayormente en las áreas de reducción
de la pobreza extrema, inmunizaciones, mortalidad infantil y en la niñez,
mortalidad materna, educación de niños, niñas y
adolescentes, entre otros.
- Las
metas relacionadas con la educación básica, reducción del
VIH y reducción de la desnutrición
presentan un panorama bastante
alentador en cuando a su cumplimiento, ya que el país está
realizando grandes esfuerzos
para mejorar los indicadores en estas
áreas.
- Aquellas
que requieren que el país realice mayores esfuerzos para mejorar el
comportamiento de los indicadores están
ubicadas en áreas como
reducción de la pobreza relativa, sostenibilidad del medio ambiente,
acceso a servicios higiénicos,
alfabetización de adultos, entre
otros.
- En
múltiples casos, el factor decisivo para posibilitar una
proyección de cumplimiento de metas 2010 y 2015 es precisamente
la
dinámica impulsada en el último quinquenio 2000-2005.
- Algunas
metas son difíciles de evaluar debido a que los sistemas
estadísticos no desagregan sus datos por edades.
- A
continuación se presenta un cuadro consolidado sobre el nivel de
cumplimiento de las metas del Programa de Acción
del Documento "Un mundo
apropiado para los niños".
Categoría de cumplimiento
|
Número de metas
|
Porcentaje de cumplimiento respecto
del total de metas
|
METAS CUMPLIDAS
|
15
|
42,9%
|
MUY PROBABLE
|
4
|
11,4%
|
PROBABLE
|
11
|
31,4%
|
POCO PROBABLE
|
3
|
8,6%
|
NO CUMPLIDA
|
2
|
5,7%
|
TOTAL DE METAS
|
35
|
100%
|
ANEXO XI
MAPA DE VULNERABILIDAD NUTRICIONAL
Fuente: Segundo Censo Nacional de talla en escolares de 1º grado
en El Salvador. Septiembre de 2000.
ANEXO XII
Práctica de la lactancia materna en El
Salvador
Año
|
Porcentaje de inicio de lactancia materna en
recién nacidos
|
Porcentaje de niños menores de 6 meses que
reciben lactancia materna exclusiva
|
Duración promedio de lactancia materna en
cualquiera de sus modalidades (Exclusiva, predominante o
complementaria)
|
Duración promedio de lactancia materna
exclusiva en menores de 6 meses
|
2002/03
|
94%
|
24%
|
19,2 meses
|
1,4 meses
|
1998
|
94%
|
16%
|
17,7 meses
|
0,9 meses
|
1993
|
93%
|
20%
|
15,5 meses
|
0,8 meses
|
Práctica de la lactancia materna en El
Salvador
(2002/2003)
|
Total 24%
Urbana 18.7%
Rural 29.8%
|
Lactancia materna exclusiva en niños menores de 2 meses
|
36.8%
|
Lactancia materna exclusiva en niños de 2 a 3 meses
|
22.1%
|
Lactancia materna exclusiva en niños de 4 a 5 meses
|
8.1%
|
Razones por abandono de lactancia materna en menores de 6
meses dadas por las madres
No tengo suficiente leche
|
41.9% de madres de niños menores de 1 mes
|
El niño no quiere
|
39.8% de madres de niños de 2 a 4 meses
|
Trabajo o estudio
|
Menos del 15% de madres
|
Infantes reciben agua antes de cumplir el primer mes de vida
|
21%
|
ANEXO XIII
Instituto Salvadoreño de Rehabilitación de
Inválidos
Centro de atención
|
Bienes
|
Salarios
|
Total fondo general
|
Recursos propios
|
2006
|
Centro de rehabilitación para ciegos
|
40.000,00
|
39.286,00
|
437.286,00
|
9.145,00
|
446.431,00
|
Centro del aparato locomotor
|
28.000,00
|
828.250,00
|
144.595,00
|
144.595,00
|
1.000.845,00
|
Centro de audición y lenguaje
|
2.903,00
|
462.005,00
|
464.908,00
|
60.345,00
|
525.253,00
|
Centro de rehabilitación para la niñez y la
adolescencia
|
22.199,00
|
864.672,00
|
886.871,00
|
35.930,00
|
922.801,00
|
Centro de rehabilitación integral de occidente
|
10.315,00
|
461.915,00
|
472.230,00
|
50.755,00
|
522.985,00
|
Centro de rehabilitación integral de oriente
|
15.562,00
|
454.190,00
|
469.752,00
|
53.440,00
|
523.192,00
|
Centro de rehabilitación profesional
|
18.567,00
|
275.118,00
|
293.685,00
|
14.200,00
|
307.885,00
|
Unidad de consultoría externa
|
5.884,00
|
291.347,00
|
297.231,00
|
46.640,00
|
343.871,00
|
Total centros
|
143.430,00
|
4.034.783,00
|
4.178.213,00
|
415.050,00
|
4.593.263,00
|
Centro de atención
|
Bienes
|
Salarios
|
Total fondo general
|
Recursos propios
|
2005
|
Centro de rehabilitación para ciegos
|
12.161,88
|
353.315,08
|
369.476,96
|
5.780,00
|
375.256,96
|
Centro del aparato locomotor
|
27.662,18
|
791.403,14
|
819.065,32
|
115.930,00
|
934.995,32
|
Centro de audición y lenguaje
|
3.110,65
|
445.538,41
|
448.649,06
|
55.305,00
|
503.954,06
|
Centro de rehabilitación para la niñez y adolescencia
|
21.992,49
|
998.430,77
|
1.020.423,26
|
53.305,00
|
1.073.728,26
|
Centro de rehabilitación integral de occidente
|
10.316,94
|
432.517,24
|
441.834,18
|
49.908,00
|
491.814,18
|
Centro de rehabilitación integral de oriente
|
15.562,32
|
427.683,24
|
443.245,56
|
53.440,00
|
496.685,56
|
Centro de rehabilitación profesional
|
14.566,92
|
240.740,76
|
255.307,68
|
12.000,00
|
267.307,68
|
Unidad de consultoría externa
|
5.887,78
|
174.335,34
|
180.223,12
|
26.300,00
|
206.523,12
|
Total centros
|
111.261,16
|
3.866.963,98
|
3.978.225,14
|
372.040,00
|
4.350.265,14
|
Centro de atención
|
Recursos propios
|
2004
|
Centro de rehabilitación para ciegos
|
4.755,00
|
351.025,00
|
Centro del aparato locomotor
|
96.000,00
|
848.495,00
|
Centro de audición y lenguaje
|
41.990,00
|
463.045,00
|
Centro de rehabilitación para la niñez y la
adolescencia
|
36.280,00
|
1.020.700,00
|
Centro de rehabilitación integral de occidente
|
48.210,00
|
464.170,00
|
Centro de rehabilitación integral de oriente
|
52.265,00
|
486.995,00
|
Centro de rehabilitación profesional
|
14.000,00
|
257.760,00
|
Unidad de consultoría externa
|
25.650,00
|
192.084,00
|
Total centros
|
319.150,00
|
4.084.274,00
|
ANEXO XIV
GASTO PÚBLICO DEL MINED POR NIVEL EDUCATIVO
LÍNEA PRESUPUESTARIA
(2001 – 2005)
Año
Concepto
GASTO
CORRIENTE*
Sueldos y
Salarios
Bienes y
Servicios
Transferenci
as
Corrientes
GASTO DE
CAPITAL
INVERSIÓN
PRÉSTAMOS
TOTAL
GENERAL
1.
Educación general (Dirección y Administración del
MINED)
21,099,604
16,071,195
4,941,786
86,623
290,323
21,389,927
2.
Parvularia
28,421,783
27,674,580
227,722
519,481
28,421,783
3.
Básica
234,602,595
223,166,176
3,062,927
8,373,492
998,476
68,708,757
304,309,828
4.
Media
25,048,633
23,698,140
660,034
690,459
24,598,479
49,647,112
5.
Educación de
adultos
1,208,270
1,205,492
2,777
1,208,270
6. Educación
superior
23,137,391
23,137,391
342,860
23,480,251
7. Otros
(subvenciones y
subsidios)
7,534,240
7,534,240
22,802,128
30,336,367
8.
Concultura
11,430,620
6,707,083
2,791,602
1,931,935
2,099,355
13,529,975
Total
Año
2001
352,483,135
298,522,666
11,686,849
42,273,620
26,533,142
93,307,236
472,323,513
1.
Educación general (Dirección y Administración del
MINED)
23,180,392
16,203,976
6,940,546
35,870
108,889
2,674
23,291,955
2.
Parvularia
30,558,136
29,869,295
236,557
452,284
131,948
30,690,084
3.
Básica
254,738,251
243,065,761
4,137,762
7,534,728
1,043,896
47,089,069
302,871,216
4.
Media
26,520,641
25,386,834
786,117
347,690
36,311,694
62,832,335
5.
Educación de adultos
1,000,378
977,936
22,442
1,000,378
6.
Educación superior
26,862,395
26,862,395
26,862,395
7. Otros
(subvenciones y subsidios)
8,862,920
8,862,920
8,862,920
8.
Concultura
10,966,782
6,845,875
3,108,252
1,012,655
774,426
11,741,208
9.
Bienestar
Magisterial
524,383
264,621
198,958
60,804
53,231
577,614
Total
Año
2002
383,214,279
322,614,298
15,430,633
45,169,347
2,059,158
83,456,668
468,730,104
1.
Educación general (Dirección y Administración del
MINED)
26,642,949
17,864,831
7,786,848
991,270
149,626
2,669
26,795,244
2.
Parvularia
32,387,488
31,399,366
251,909
736,214
202,959
32,590,447
3.
Básica
253,807,925
243,219,110
2,525,526
8,063,289
792,791
34,278,518
288,879,235
4.
Media
28,412,190
27,230,488
769,417
412,285
37,971,151
66,383,340
5.
Educación de
adultos
1,179,394
1,167,304
12,089
1,179,394
6. Educación
superior
28,290,745
28,290,745
595,000
28,885,745
7. Otros
(subvenciones y
subsidios)
9,303,069
9,303,069
100,000
9,403,069
8.
Concultura
11,078,464
6,919,636
3,069,238
1,089,590
520,530
11,598,995
9.
Bienestar
Magisterial
567,406
264,265
223,933
79,208
20,529
587,936
Total
Año
2003
391,669,632
328,065,000
14,638,961
48,965,670
2,381,435
72,252,338
466,303,405
1.
Educación general (Dirección y Administración del
MINED)
25,920,039
17,551,300
8,335,829
32,910
50,155
25,970,194
2.
Parvularia
35,665,918
34,036,513
443,086
1,186,319
35,665,918
3.
Básica
285,883,455
264,717,254
3,724,826
17,441,375
7,030,518
292,913,973
4.
Media
29,355,083
27,698,071
1,052,251
604,761
20,919,026
50,274,109
5.
Educación de
adultos
3,609,917
1,045,502
2,564,414
3,609,917
6.
Educación
superior
34,790,745
34,790,745
595,000
35,385,745
7. Otros
(subvenciones y subsidios)
7,078,581
7,078,581
7,078,581
8.
Concultura
11,443,984
6,907,764
3,496,162
1,040,059
696,292
12,140,276
9.
Bienestar
Magisterial
541,485
207,233
197,983
136,269
541,485
Total
Año
2004
434,289,207
352,163,637
19,814,551
62,311,019
1,341,447
27,949,544
463,580,197
1.
Educación general (Dirección y Administración del
MINED)
25,101,875
17,805,346
7,210,567
85,963
80,811
9,844
25,192,530
2.
Parvularia
36,689,705
35,094,613
897,279
697,814
36,689,705
3.
Básica
293,330,395
268,115,875
10,147,043
15,067,476
20,358,750
313,689,145
4.
Media
30,407,498
28,652,887
1,052,851
701,760
24,329,773
54,737,271
5.
Educación de
adultos
1,338,337
1,030,535
307,802
1,338,337
6. Educación
superior
46,590,745
46,590,745
595,000
47,185,745
7. Otros
(subvenciones y subsidios)
10,086,461
10,086,461
10,086,461
8.
Concultura
10,942,951
6,837,739
3,145,110
960,101
950,103
11,893,054
9.
Bienestar
Magisterial
517,629
216,193
114,178
187,258
517,629
Total
Año
2005
455,005,596
357,753,188
22,874,830
74,377,578
1,625,914
44,698,367
501,329,877
2004
2005
2001
2002
2003
Fuente: MINED. Es importante hacer la salvedad que en el
período de 2002 a 2003, en la columna de inversión en
préstamos,
está incluida la donación de Apoyo al Proceso de
Reforma de la Educación Media en el Área Técnica
(APREMAT),
que apoyó a la educación media-técnica, dentro del nivel
educativo de educación media. Para
el año 2002, fue de 2.694.962,8
dólares y para el año 2003, se reportó 2.086.242,5.
ANEXO XV
AULAS ALTERNATIVAS
2004
Centros Escolares
|
N.º de Estudiantes
|
973
|
29.220
|
2005
Ubicación
|
Número de Centros Educativos
|
Total matrícula
|
Fuera de ree.
|
973
|
123.465
|
Dentro de ree.
|
1.423
|
10.412
|
Totales
|
2.396
|
133.867
|
2006
Ubicación
|
Número de Centros Educativos
|
Total matrícula
|
Fuera de ree.
|
1.426
|
90.006
|
Dentro de ree.
|
254
|
42.005
|
Totales
|
1.510
|
132.011
|
ANEXO XVI
EMBARAZOS Y MATRIMONIOS DE MENORES DE EDAD
A pesar de que en el sistema público de educación y en el
trabajo de otras instituciones estatales se realizan campañas
para
prevenir los riesgos de matrimonios y embarazos precoces, para el período
se reportan matrimonios de menores de edad
en el cuadro que se muestra a
continuación.
Matrimonios de menores de edad por grupos de edad y estado
civil anterior (2005)
Grupos de Edad
|
Estado Civil Anterior
|
De la Esposa
|
Del Esposo
|
Total
|
Soltera
|
Viuda
|
Divorciada
|
Total
|
Soltero
|
Viudo
|
Divorciado
|
Total
|
668
|
668
|
0
|
0
|
70
|
68
|
2
|
0
|
DE 14 años
|
30
|
30
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
DE 15 años
|
90
|
90
|
-
|
-
|
5
|
5
|
-
|
-
|
DE 16 años
|
207
|
207
|
-
|
-
|
22
|
21
|
1
|
-
|
DE 17 años
|
341
|
341
|
-
|
-
|
43
|
42
|
1
|
-
|
1/ Incluye los matrimonios realizados en el país, por contrayentes
residentes en el extranjero
Debe mencionarse que el Código de Familia permite excepcionalmente los
matrimonios de menores de 18 años de edad si
siendo púberes ya
tuvieren un hijo en común o si la mujer estuviese embarazada.
El Código de Familia vigente en la República, en su CAPITULO II
“IMPEDIMENTOS Y REGLAS ESPECIALES PARA CONTRAER
MATRIMONIO”, en la
parte de IMPEDIMENTOS ABSOLUTOS:
Art. 14.- No podrán contraer matrimonio:
1) Los menores de dieciocho años de edad; 2) Los ligados por
vínculo matrimonial; y, 3) Los que no se hallaren en el
pleno uso de
su razón y los que no puedan expresar su consentimiento de manera
inequívoca.
No obstante lo dispuesto en el ordinal primero de este artículo, los
menores de dieciocho años podrán casarse
si siendo púberes,
tuvieren ya un hijo en común, o si la mujer estuviere embarazada.
Impedimentos relativos
Art. 15.- No podrán contraer matrimonio entre sí:
1) Los parientes por consanguinidad en cualquier grado de la línea
recta ni los hermanos; 2) El adoptante y su cónyuge
con el adoptado o con
algún descendiente de éste; el adoptado con los ascendientes o
descendientes del adoptante, o
con los hijos adoptivos del mismo adoptante; y 3)
El condenado como autor o cómplice del homicidio doloso del
cónyuge
del otro. Si estuviere pendiente juicio por el delito mencionado,
no se procederá a la celebración del matrimonio hasta
que se
pronuncie sentencia absolutoria o sobreseimiento definitivo.
ANEXO XVII
Población de 6 y mas años de edad, por
condición de alfabetismo, según sexo y grupos de edad
A. Total país 2004
Sexo y
|
|
Condición de alfabetismo
|
Grupos de
|
Total
|
Edad
|
|
Alfabetos
|
Analfabetos
|
Total
|
5.899.640
|
4.797.526
|
1.102.114
|
6
|
161.711
|
21.650
|
140.061
|
7 - 9
|
497.086
|
346.768
|
150.318
|
10 - 12
|
475.286
|
438.639
|
36.647
|
13 - 15
|
465.831
|
442.853
|
22.978
|
16 - 18
|
426.955
|
406.063
|
20.892
|
19 - 23
|
625.464
|
584.033
|
41.431
|
24 - 28
|
578.542
|
527.988
|
50.554
|
29 - 33
|
454.031
|
405.072
|
48.959
|
34 y MÁS
|
2.214.734
|
1.624.460
|
590.274
|
Hombres
|
2.799.201
|
2.326.972
|
472.229
|
6
|
80.062
|
9.466
|
70.596
|
7 - 9
|
258.727
|
176.278
|
82.449
|
10 - 12
|
246.759
|
223.279
|
23.480
|
13 - 15
|
235.574
|
222.340
|
13.234
|
16 - 18
|
215.635
|
204.519
|
11.116
|
19 - 23
|
297.240
|
278.147
|
19.093
|
24 - 28
|
273.038
|
250.405
|
22.633
|
29 - 33
|
206.455
|
188.133
|
18.322
|
34 y MÁS
|
985.711
|
774.405
|
211.306
|
Mujeres
|
3.100.439
|
2.470.554
|
629.885
|
6
|
81.649
|
12.184
|
69.465
|
7 - 9
|
238.359
|
170.490
|
67.869
|
10 - 12
|
228.527
|
215.360
|
13.167
|
13 - 15
|
230.257
|
220.513
|
9.744
|
16 - 18
|
211.320
|
201.544
|
9.776
|
19 - 23
|
328.224
|
305.886
|
22.338
|
24 - 28
|
305.504
|
277.583
|
27.921
|
29 - 33
|
247.576
|
216.939
|
30.637
|
34 y MÁS
|
1.229.023
|
850.055
|
378.968
|
B. Total país urbano 2004
Sexo y
|
|
Condición de alfabetismo
|
Grupos de
|
Total
|
Edad
|
|
Alfabetos
|
Analfabetos
|
Total
|
3.556.666
|
3.116.685
|
439.981
|
6
|
88.267
|
15.649
|
72.618
|
7 - 9
|
268.033
|
208.334
|
59.699
|
10 - 12
|
254.308
|
242.058
|
12.250
|
13 - 15
|
252.697
|
245.166
|
7.531
|
16 - 18
|
237.566
|
231.777
|
5.789
|
19 - 23
|
377.561
|
363.530
|
14.031
|
24 - 28
|
371.852
|
355.862
|
15.990
|
29 - 33
|
296.469
|
281.719
|
14.750
|
34 y más
|
1.409.913
|
1.172.590
|
237.323
|
Hombres
|
1.645.112
|
1.477.768
|
167.344
|
6
|
45.365
|
7.370
|
37.995
|
7 - 9
|
136.534
|
104.603
|
31.931
|
10 - 12
|
130.915
|
124.141
|
6.774
|
13 - 15
|
129.693
|
125.142
|
4.551
|
16 - 18
|
115.176
|
112.536
|
2.640
|
19 - 23
|
174.299
|
168.396
|
5.903
|
24 - 28
|
176.578
|
170.211
|
6.367
|
29 - 33
|
132.578
|
128.135
|
4.443
|
34 y más
|
603.974
|
537.234
|
66.740
|
Mujeres
|
1.911.554
|
1.638.917
|
272.637
|
6
|
42.902
|
8.279
|
34.623
|
7 - 9
|
131.499
|
103.731
|
27.768
|
10 - 12
|
123.393
|
117.917
|
5.476
|
13 - 15
|
123.004
|
120.024
|
2.980
|
16 - 18
|
122.390
|
119.241
|
3.149
|
19 - 23
|
203.262
|
195.134
|
8.128
|
24 - 28
|
195.274
|
185.651
|
9.623
|
29 - 33
|
163.891
|
153.584
|
10.307
|
34 y más
|
805.939
|
635.356
|
170.583
|
C. Total país rural 2004
Sexo y
|
|
Condición de alfabetismo
|
Grupos de
|
Total
|
Edad
|
|
Alfabetos
|
Analfabetos
|
Total
|
2.342.974
|
1.680.841
|
662.133
|
6
|
73.444
|
6.001
|
67.443
|
7 - 9
|
229.053
|
138.434
|
90.619
|
10 - 12
|
220.978
|
196.581
|
24.397
|
13 - 15
|
213.134
|
197.687
|
15.447
|
16 - 18
|
189.389
|
174.286
|
15.103
|
19 - 23
|
247.903
|
220.503
|
27.400
|
24 - 28
|
206.690
|
172.126
|
34.564
|
29 - 33
|
157.562
|
123.353
|
34.209
|
34 y más
|
804.821
|
451.870
|
352.951
|
Hombres
|
1.154.089
|
849.204
|
304.885
|
6
|
34.697
|
2.096
|
32.601
|
7 - 9
|
122.193
|
71.675
|
50.518
|
10 - 12
|
115.844
|
99.138
|
16.706
|
13 - 15
|
105.881
|
97.198
|
8.683
|
16 - 18
|
100.459
|
91.983
|
8.476
|
19 - 23
|
122.941
|
109.751
|
13.190
|
24 - 28
|
96.460
|
80.194
|
16.266
|
29 - 33
|
73.877
|
59.998
|
13.879
|
34 y más
|
381.737
|
237.171
|
144.566
|
Mujeres
|
1.188.885
|
831.637
|
357.248
|
6
|
38.747
|
3.905
|
34.842
|
7 - 9
|
106.860
|
66.759
|
40.101
|
10 - 12
|
105.134
|
97.443
|
7.691
|
13 - 15
|
107.253
|
100.489
|
6.764
|
16 - 18
|
88.930
|
82.303
|
6.627
|
19 - 23
|
124.962
|
110.752
|
14.210
|
24 - 28
|
110.230
|
91.932
|
18.298
|
29 - 33
|
83.685
|
63.355
|
20.330
|
34 y más
|
423.084
|
214.699
|
208.385
|
D. Total país 2005
Sexo y
|
|
Condición de alfabetismo
|
Grupos de
|
Total
|
Edad
|
|
Alfabetos
|
Analfabetos
|
Total
|
6.025.951
|
4.938.913
|
1.087.038
|
6
|
172.566
|
30.441
|
142.125
|
7 - 9
|
522.984
|
369.729
|
153.255
|
10 - 12
|
503.495
|
474.530
|
28.965
|
13 - 15
|
463.163
|
443.396
|
19.767
|
16 - 18
|
444.939
|
427.631
|
17.308
|
19 - 23
|
599.490
|
566.524
|
32.966
|
24 - 28
|
590.101
|
546.834
|
43.267
|
29 - 33
|
464.985
|
419.365
|
45.620
|
34 y más
|
2.264.228
|
1.660.463
|
603.765
|
Hombres
|
2.806.740
|
2.365.128
|
441.612
|
6
|
84.119
|
13.447
|
70.672
|
7 - 9
|
265.466
|
183.344
|
82.122
|
10 - 12
|
256.182
|
238.712
|
17.470
|
13 - 15
|
235.814
|
225.161
|
10.653
|
16 - 18
|
226.175
|
217.113
|
9.062
|
19 - 23
|
278.736
|
263.894
|
14.842
|
24 - 28
|
265.353
|
247.216
|
18.137
|
29 - 33
|
199.577
|
184.285
|
15.292
|
34 y más
|
995.318
|
791.956
|
203.362
|
Mujeres
|
3.219.211
|
2.573.785
|
645.426
|
6
|
88.447
|
16.994
|
71.453
|
7 - 9
|
257.518
|
186.385
|
71.133
|
10 - 12
|
247.313
|
235.818
|
11.495
|
13 - 15
|
227.349
|
218.235
|
9.114
|
16 - 18
|
218.764
|
210.518
|
8.246
|
19 - 23
|
320.754
|
302.630
|
18.124
|
24 - 28
|
324.748
|
299.618
|
25.130
|
29 - 33
|
265.408
|
235.080
|
30.328
|
34 y más
|
1.268.910
|
868.507
|
400.403
|
E. Total país urbano 2005
Sexo y
|
|
Condición de alfabetismo
|
Grupos de
|
Total
|
Edad
|
|
Alfabetos
|
Analfabetos
|
Total
|
3.655.899
|
3.209.337
|
446.562
|
6
|
89.916
|
23.606
|
66.310
|
7 - 9
|
286.135
|
224.127
|
62.008
|
10 - 12
|
274.238
|
263.679
|
10.559
|
13 - 15
|
257.678
|
252.144
|
5.534
|
16 - 18
|
247.022
|
242.574
|
4.448
|
19 - 23
|
356.276
|
346.227
|
10.049
|
24 - 28
|
379.970
|
367.899
|
12.071
|
29 - 33
|
306.960
|
291.614
|
15.346
|
34 y más
|
1.457.704
|
1.197.467
|
260.237
|
Hombres
|
1.674.662
|
1.515.382
|
159.280
|
6
|
43.256
|
10.291
|
32.965
|
7 - 9
|
140.320
|
109.986
|
30.334
|
10 - 12
|
141.625
|
135.116
|
6.509
|
13 - 15
|
138.798
|
136.163
|
2.635
|
16 - 18
|
124.377
|
122.079
|
2.298
|
19 - 23
|
162.916
|
158.620
|
4.296
|
24 - 28
|
171.150
|
166.235
|
4.915
|
29 - 33
|
130.418
|
126.320
|
4.098
|
34 y más
|
621.802
|
550.572
|
71.230
|
Mujeres
|
1.981.237
|
1.693.955
|
287.282
|
6
|
46.660
|
13.315
|
33.345
|
7 - 9
|
145.815
|
114.141
|
31.674
|
10 - 12
|
132.613
|
128.563
|
4.050
|
13 - 15
|
118.880
|
115.981
|
2.899
|
16 - 18
|
122.645
|
120.495
|
2.150
|
19 - 23
|
193.360
|
187.607
|
5.753
|
24 - 28
|
208.820
|
201.664
|
7.156
|
29 - 33
|
176.542
|
165.294
|
11.248
|
34 y más
|
835.902
|
646.895
|
189.007
|
F. Total país rural 2005
Sexo y
|
|
Condición de alfabetismo
|
Grupos de
|
Total
|
Edad
|
|
Alfabetos
|
Analfabetos
|
Total
|
2.370.052
|
1.729.576
|
640.476
|
6
|
82.650
|
6.835
|
75.815
|
7 - 9
|
236.849
|
145.602
|
91.247
|
10 - 12
|
229.257
|
210.851
|
18.406
|
13 - 15
|
205.485
|
191.252
|
14.233
|
16 - 18
|
197.917
|
185.057
|
12.860
|
19 - 23
|
243.214
|
220.297
|
22.917
|
24 - 28
|
210.131
|
178.935
|
31.196
|
29 - 33
|
158.025
|
127.751
|
30.274
|
34 y más
|
806.524
|
462.996
|
343.528
|
Hombres
|
1.132.078
|
849.746
|
282.332
|
6
|
40.863
|
3.156
|
37.707
|
7 - 9
|
125.146
|
73.358
|
51.788
|
10 - 12
|
114.557
|
103.596
|
10.961
|
13 - 15
|
97.016
|
88.998
|
8.018
|
16 - 18
|
101.798
|
95.034
|
6.764
|
19 - 23
|
115.820
|
105.274
|
10.546
|
24 - 28
|
94.203
|
80.981
|
13.222
|
29 - 33
|
69.159
|
57.965
|
11.194
|
34 y más
|
373.516
|
241.384
|
132.132
|
Mujeres
|
1.237.974
|
879.830
|
358.144
|
6
|
41.787
|
3.679
|
38.108
|
7 - 9
|
111.703
|
72.244
|
39.459
|
10 - 12
|
114.700
|
107.255
|
7.445
|
13 - 15
|
108.469
|
102.254
|
6.215
|
16 - 18
|
96.119
|
90.023
|
6.096
|
19 - 23
|
127.394
|
115.023
|
12.371
|
24 - 28
|
115.928
|
97.954
|
17.974
|
29 - 33
|
88.866
|
69.786
|
19.080
|
34 y más
|
433.008
|
221.612
|
211.396
|
ANEXO XVIII
POBLACIÓN DE 4 Y MÁS AÑOS DE EDAD, POR
ASISTENCIA ESCOLAR, SEGÚN SEXO Y GRUPOS DE EDAD
A. Total país 2004
Sexo y
|
|
Asistencia escolar
|
Grupos de
|
Total
|
Edad
|
|
Si
|
No
|
Total
|
6.217.672
|
1.982.492
|
4.235.180
|
4 - 6
|
479.743
|
252.255
|
227.488
|
7 - 9
|
497.086
|
455.767
|
41.319
|
10 - 12
|
475.286
|
443.407
|
31.879
|
13 - 15
|
465.831
|
380.820
|
85.011
|
16 - 18
|
426.955
|
244.944
|
182.011
|
19 - 23
|
625.464
|
134.015
|
491.449
|
24 - 28
|
578.542
|
47.085
|
531.457
|
29 - 33
|
454.031
|
14.629
|
439.402
|
34 y más
|
2.214.734
|
9.570
|
2.205.164
|
Hombres
|
2.960.393
|
1.020.972
|
1.939.421
|
4 - 6
|
241.254
|
128.131
|
113.123
|
7 - 9
|
258.727
|
238.214
|
20.513
|
10 - 12
|
246.759
|
229.995
|
16.764
|
13 - 15
|
235.574
|
195.856
|
39.718
|
16 - 18
|
215.635
|
126.702
|
88.933
|
19 - 23
|
297.240
|
66.561
|
230.679
|
24 - 28
|
273.038
|
23.517
|
249.521
|
29 - 33
|
206.455
|
7.054
|
199.401
|
34 y más
|
985.711
|
4.942
|
980.769
|
Mujeres
|
3.257.279
|
961.520
|
2.295.759
|
4 - 6
|
238.489
|
124.124
|
114.365
|
7 - 9
|
238.359
|
217.553
|
20.806
|
10 - 12
|
228.527
|
213.412
|
15.115
|
13 - 15
|
230.257
|
184.964
|
45.293
|
16 - 18
|
211.320
|
118.242
|
93.078
|
19 - 23
|
328.224
|
67.454
|
260.770
|
24 - 28
|
305.504
|
23.568
|
281.936
|
29 - 33
|
247.576
|
7.575
|
240.001
|
34 y más
|
1.229.023
|
4.628
|
1.224.395
|
B. Total país urbano 2004
Sexo y
|
|
Asistencia escolar
|
Grupos de
|
Total
|
Edad
|
|
Si
|
No
|
Total
|
3.733.122
|
1.215.501
|
2.517.621
|
4 - 6
|
264.723
|
159.274
|
105.449
|
7 - 9
|
268.033
|
252.683
|
15.350
|
10 - 12
|
254.308
|
242.014
|
12.294
|
13 - 15
|
252.697
|
224.810
|
27.887
|
16 - 18
|
237.566
|
163.545
|
74.021
|
19 - 23
|
377.561
|
108.646
|
268.915
|
24 - 28
|
371.852
|
43.192
|
328.660
|
29 - 33
|
296.469
|
12.590
|
283.879
|
34 y más
|
1.409.913
|
8.747
|
1.401.166
|
Hombres
|
1.734.910
|
619.648
|
1.115.262
|
4 - 6
|
135.163
|
83.195
|
51.968
|
7 - 9
|
136.534
|
127.799
|
8.735
|
10 - 12
|
130.915
|
124.336
|
6.579
|
13 - 15
|
129.693
|
115.605
|
14.088
|
16 - 18
|
115.176
|
82.049
|
33.127
|
19 - 23
|
174.299
|
53.991
|
120.308
|
24 - 28
|
176.578
|
22.023
|
154.555
|
29 - 33
|
132.578
|
6.188
|
126.390
|
34 y más
|
603.974
|
4.462
|
599.512
|
Mujeres
|
1.998.212
|
595.853
|
1.402.359
|
4 - 6
|
129.560
|
76.079
|
53.481
|
7 - 9
|
131.499
|
124.884
|
6.615
|
10 - 12
|
123.393
|
117.678
|
5.715
|
13 - 15
|
123.004
|
109.205
|
13.799
|
16 - 18
|
122.390
|
81.496
|
40.894
|
19 - 23
|
203.262
|
54.655
|
148.607
|
24 - 28
|
195.274
|
21.169
|
174.105
|
29 - 33
|
163.891
|
6.402
|
157.489
|
34 y más
|
805.939
|
4.285
|
801.654
|
C. Total país rural
2004
Sexo y
|
|
Asistencia escolar
|
Grupos de
|
Total
|
Edad
|
|
Si
|
No
|
Total
|
2.484.550
|
766.991
|
1.717.559
|
4 - 6
|
215.020
|
92.981
|
122.039
|
7 - 9
|
229.053
|
203.084
|
25.969
|
10 - 12
|
220.978
|
201.393
|
19.585
|
13 - 15
|
213.134
|
156.010
|
57.124
|
16 - 18
|
189.389
|
81.399
|
107.990
|
19 - 23
|
247.903
|
25.369
|
222.534
|
24 - 28
|
206.690
|
3.893
|
202.797
|
29 - 33
|
157.562
|
2.039
|
155.523
|
34 y más
|
804.821
|
823
|
803.998
|
Hombres
|
1.225.483
|
401.324
|
824.159
|
4 - 6
|
106.091
|
44.936
|
61.155
|
7 - 9
|
122.193
|
110.415
|
11.778
|
10 - 12
|
115.844
|
105.659
|
10.185
|
13 - 15
|
105.881
|
80.251
|
25.630
|
16 - 18
|
100.459
|
44.653
|
55.806
|
19 - 23
|
122.941
|
12.570
|
110.371
|
24 - 28
|
96.460
|
1.494
|
94.966
|
29 - 33
|
73.877
|
866
|
73.011
|
34 y más
|
381.737
|
480
|
381.257
|
Mujeres
|
1.259.067
|
365.667
|
893.400
|
4 - 6
|
108.929
|
48.045
|
60.884
|
7 - 9
|
106.860
|
92.669
|
14.191
|
10 - 12
|
105.134
|
95.734
|
9.400
|
13 - 15
|
107.253
|
75.759
|
31.494
|
16 - 18
|
88.930
|
36.746
|
52.184
|
19 - 23
|
124.962
|
12.799
|
112.163
|
24 - 28
|
110.230
|
2.399
|
107.831
|
29 - 33
|
83.685
|
1.173
|
82.512
|
34 y más
|
423.084
|
343
|
422.741
|
D. Total país 2005
Sexo y
|
|
Asistencia escolar
|
Grupos de
|
Total
|
Edad
|
|
Si
|
No
|
Total
|
6.333.192
|
2.053.818
|
4.279.374
|
4 - 6
|
479.807
|
259.951
|
219.856
|
7 - 9
|
522.984
|
486.094
|
36.890
|
10 - 12
|
503.495
|
470.991
|
32.504
|
13 - 15
|
463.163
|
378.487
|
84.676
|
16 - 18
|
444.939
|
254.364
|
190.575
|
19 - 23
|
599.490
|
134.018
|
465.472
|
24 - 28
|
590.101
|
46.724
|
543.377
|
29 - 33
|
464.985
|
13.512
|
451.473
|
34 y más
|
2.264.228
|
9.677
|
2.254.551
|
Hombres
|
2.972.862
|
1.035.485
|
1.937.377
|
4 - 6
|
250.241
|
131.447
|
118.794
|
7 - 9
|
265.466
|
246.930
|
18.536
|
10 - 12
|
256.182
|
236.367
|
19.815
|
13 - 15
|
235.814
|
194.993
|
40.821
|
16 - 18
|
226.175
|
129.558
|
96.617
|
19 - 23
|
278.736
|
65.067
|
213.669
|
24 - 28
|
265.353
|
20.186
|
245.167
|
29 - 33
|
199.577
|
6.411
|
193.166
|
34 y más
|
995.318
|
4.526
|
990.792
|
Mujeres
|
3.360.330
|
1.018.333
|
2.341.997
|
4 - 6
|
229.566
|
128.504
|
101.062
|
7 - 9
|
257.518
|
239.164
|
18.354
|
10 - 12
|
247.313
|
234.624
|
12.689
|
13 - 15
|
227.349
|
183.494
|
43.855
|
16 - 18
|
218.764
|
124.806
|
93.958
|
19 - 23
|
320.754
|
68.951
|
251.803
|
24 - 28
|
324.748
|
26.538
|
298.210
|
29 - 33
|
265.408
|
7.101
|
258.307
|
34 y más
|
1.268.910
|
5.151
|
1.263.759
|
E. Total país urbano 2005
Sexo y
|
|
Asistencia escolar
|
Grupos de
|
Total
|
Edad
|
|
Si
|
No
|
Total
|
3.818.277
|
1.263.289
|
2.554.988
|
4 - 6
|
252.294
|
158.993
|
93.301
|
7 - 9
|
286.135
|
271.280
|
14.855
|
10 - 12
|
274.238
|
262.664
|
11.574
|
13 - 15
|
257.678
|
228.747
|
28.931
|
16 - 18
|
247.022
|
172.368
|
74.654
|
19 - 23
|
356.276
|
108.312
|
247.964
|
24 - 28
|
379.970
|
41.414
|
338.556
|
29 - 33
|
306.960
|
11.171
|
295.789
|
34 y mas
|
1.457.704
|
8.340
|
1.449.364
|
Hombres
|
1.763.341
|
638.175
|
1.125.166
|
4 - 6
|
131.935
|
81.204
|
50.731
|
7 - 9
|
140.320
|
134.481
|
5.839
|
10 - 12
|
141.625
|
134.111
|
7.514
|
13 - 15
|
138.798
|
123.682
|
15.116
|
16 - 18
|
124.377
|
86.682
|
37.695
|
19 - 23
|
162.916
|
50.498
|
112.418
|
24 - 28
|
171.150
|
18.322
|
152.828
|
29 - 33
|
130.418
|
5.438
|
124.980
|
34 y mas
|
621.802
|
3.757
|
618.045
|
Mujeres
|
2.054.936
|
625.114
|
1.429.822
|
4 - 6
|
120.359
|
77.789
|
42.570
|
7 - 9
|
145.815
|
136.799
|
9.016
|
10 - 12
|
132.613
|
128.553
|
4.060
|
13 - 15
|
118.880
|
105.065
|
13.815
|
16 - 18
|
122.645
|
85.686
|
36.959
|
19 - 23
|
193.360
|
57.814
|
135.546
|
24 - 28
|
208.820
|
23.092
|
185.728
|
29 - 33
|
176.542
|
5.733
|
170.809
|
34 y mas
|
835.902
|
4.583
|
831.319
|
F. Total país rural 2005
Sexo y
|
|
Asistencia escolar
|
Grupos de
|
Total
|
Edad
|
|
Si
|
No
|
Total
|
2.514.915
|
790.529
|
1.724.386
|
4 - 6
|
227.513
|
100.958
|
126.555
|
7 - 9
|
236.849
|
214.814
|
22.035
|
10 - 12
|
229.257
|
208.327
|
20.930
|
13 - 15
|
205.485
|
149.740
|
55.745
|
16 - 18
|
197.917
|
81.996
|
115.921
|
19 - 23
|
243.214
|
25.706
|
217.508
|
24 - 28
|
210.131
|
5.310
|
204.821
|
29 - 33
|
158.025
|
2.341
|
155.684
|
34 y mas
|
806.524
|
1.337
|
805.187
|
Hombres
|
1.209.521
|
397.310
|
812.211
|
4 - 6
|
118.306
|
50.243
|
68.063
|
7 - 9
|
125.146
|
112.449
|
12.697
|
10 - 12
|
114.557
|
102.256
|
12.301
|
13 - 15
|
97.016
|
71.311
|
25.705
|
16 - 18
|
101.798
|
42.876
|
58.922
|
19 - 23
|
115.820
|
14.569
|
101.251
|
24 - 28
|
94.203
|
1.864
|
92.339
|
29 - 33
|
69.159
|
973
|
68.186
|
34 y mas
|
373.516
|
769
|
372.747
|
Mujeres
|
1.305.394
|
393.219
|
912.175
|
4 - 6
|
109.207
|
50.715
|
58.492
|
7 - 9
|
111.703
|
102.365
|
9.338
|
10 - 12
|
114.700
|
106.071
|
8.629
|
13 - 15
|
108.469
|
78.429
|
30.040
|
16 - 18
|
96.119
|
39.120
|
56.999
|
19 - 23
|
127.394
|
11.137
|
116.257
|
24 - 28
|
115.928
|
3.446
|
112.482
|
29 - 33
|
88.866
|
1.368
|
87.498
|
34 y mas
|
433.008
|
568
|
432.440
|
EDUCACIÓN ACELERADA DE
BÁSICA
2004
Centros Escolares
|
No. de Estudiantes
|
108
|
2.352
|
2005
Ubicación
|
Número de Centros Escolares
|
Total secciones
|
Total matrícula
|
Fuera de ree.
|
95
|
123
|
2.472
|
Dentro de ree.
|
22
|
40
|
864
|
100 municipios de alta pobreza
|
43
|
68
|
1.336
|
Totales
|
160
|
231
|
4.672
|
2006
Ubicación
|
Número de Centros Escolares
|
Total secciones
|
Total matrícula
|
Fuera de ree.
|
98
|
122
|
2.586
|
Dentro de ree.
|
23
|
31
|
589
|
100 municipios de alta pobreza
|
43
|
68
|
1.336
|
Totales
|
164
|
221
|
4.511
|
ANEXO XIX
MENORES DE EDAD DEPORTADOS (2004 – 2005)
Direccion general de migracion y extranjería
Salvadoreños menores de edad deportados Periodo de
enero a diciembre de 2004
Puesto migratorio
|
Ene
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Abr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Ago
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dic
|
Total
|
Ae. El salvador
|
1
|
8
|
15
|
12
|
24
|
14
|
22
|
14
|
16
|
38
|
13
|
20
|
197
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
1
|
8
|
15
|
12
|
24
|
14
|
22
|
14
|
16
|
38
|
13
|
20
|
197
|
Direccion general de migracion y extranjería
Salvadoreños menores de edad deportados Periodo de
enero a diciembre de 2005
Puesto migratorio
|
Ene
|
Feb
|
Mar
|
Abr
|
May
|
Jun
|
Jul
|
Ago
|
Sep
|
Oct
|
Nov
|
Dic
|
Total
|
La hachadura
|
86
|
116
|
355
|
212
|
179
|
207
|
191
|
161
|
229
|
38
|
13
|
88
|
1.875
|
Las chinamas
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
5
|
2
|
7
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
15
|
San cristobal
|
0
|
6
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
6
|
Anguiatu
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
Ae. El salvador
|
12
|
11
|
14
|
12
|
20
|
25
|
33
|
17
|
28
|
40
|
30
|
30
|
272
|
Total
|
98
|
133
|
369
|
224
|
204
|
234
|
231
|
178
|
257
|
79
|
44
|
118
|
2.169
|
ANEXO XX
ATENCIÓN A VÍCTIMAS DE TRATA
Hogar Huellas de Esperanza, Fundación
Huellas
Fecha de apertura del hogar: 1 de mayo 2006
Total de víctimas atendidas: 99
Sexo masculino: 6
Sexo femenino: 93
Grupos de edad
|
Número de víctimas
|
De 0 a 3 años
|
9
|
De 3 a 6 años
|
4
|
De 6 a 9 años
|
3
|
De 9 a 12 años
|
6
|
De 12 a 15 años
|
25
|
De 15 a 18 años
|
42
|
De 18 a 21 años
|
5
|
De 21 a 24 años
|
3
|
De 24 a 27 años
|
2
|
De 27 a 30 años
|
0
|
Más de 30 años
|
|
Total
|
99
|
Nacionalidad de las víctimas
|
Número de víctimas
|
Salvadoreñas
|
52
|
Guatemaltecas
|
8
|
Nicaragüense
|
12
|
Hondureños
|
7
|
Mexicanos
|
10
|
Colombianos
|
4
|
El albergue de Víctimas de Trata esta a cargo de la Dirección
General de Migración y Extranjería, y administración
por la
Fundación Huellas.
Es un albergue especializado para la atención directa a
víctimas de Trata. Se administra por Fundación Huellas
mediante un
memorando de entendimiento entre el Gobierno de El Salvador y la
Organización Internacional para las Migraciones
(OIM).
Objetivo del Albergue: proporcionar un espacio transitorio, seguro y
confiable, para la protección de personas víctimas
de Trata, en el
que se brinde una atención directa integral con base en abordajes
oportunos, basado en derechos y con parámetros
de calidad y credibilidad
tanto para las nacionales como para las extranjeras. El proyecto contempla
cubrir las necesidades básicas
de las víctimas:
alimentación, techo y vestido, así como una serie de asistencias
especificas propias de cada
área de atención.
Se cuenta con seis áreas de atención íntimamente
relacionadas: atención médica; asistencia directa
de problemas de
salud de las víctimas, así como coordinaciones para atenciones
especializadas con organizaciones gubernamentales
y no gubernamentales
relacionadas en salud; atención psicológica; asistencia directa en
el fortalecimiento y seguimiento
del proyecto personal de vida, atendiendo
situaciones especificas de superar conflictos, estados de depresión,
mejorando autoestima,
orientando atención a valoración y abordaje
de riesgos; auto cuido; atención de situaciones individuales; alternativa
educativa y vocacional; retorno al hogar; reinserción social;
atención social; investigación socio económica
de cada caso
de victimas nacionales identificadas, y la mayor parte de datos que se pudieran
obtener de las extranjeras que colaboran
en el abordaje integral de las
víctimas; atención legal; asesoría legal y
preparación para enfrentar
procedimientos judiciales, educación en
derechos y deberes, seguimiento de cada caso; atención educativa; plan
individual
de atención educativa tanto formal como informal (talleres
vocacionales de alternativa productiva); atención espiritual;
derecho a
sentirse confortado según su propia creencia; otras atenciones como
asistencia a actividades recreativas, visitas
familiares y realización
de diferentes actividades no lúdicas.
ANEXO XXI
A. DELITOS PRESUNTAMENTE COMETIDOS POR PERSONAS
MENORES
DE 18 AÑOS DE EDAD, 2006
(Fiscalía General de la República)
|
Total
|
Homicidio Simple
|
61
|
Homicidio Agravado
|
113
|
Homicidio Culposo
|
8
|
Aborto Consentido y Propio
|
2
|
Aborto Culposo
|
1
|
Lesiones
|
503
|
Lesiones Graves
|
18
|
Lesiones Muy Graves
|
1
|
Lesiones Agravadas
|
4
|
Lesiones Culposas
|
49
|
Privación de Libertad
|
65
|
Secuestro
|
1
|
Coacción
|
4
|
Amenazas
|
374
|
Violación
|
80
|
Violación en Menor o Incapaz
|
108
|
Otras Agresiones Sexuales
|
49
|
Agresión Sexual en Menor e Incapaz
|
74
|
Violación y Agresión Sexual Agravada
|
8
|
Estupro
|
25
|
Estupro por Prevalimiento
|
1
|
Acoso Sexual
|
26
|
Inducción, Promoción y Favorecimiento de Actos Sexuales o
Eróticos
|
1
|
Exhibiciones Obscenas
|
2
|
Utilización de Personas Menores de Dieciocho Años e
Incapaces
|
2
|
Abandono y Desamparo de Persona
|
2
|
Violencia Intrafamiliar
|
36
|
Incumplimiento de los Deberes de Asistencia Económica
|
1
|
Inducción al Abandono
|
4
|
Maltrato Infantil
|
2
|
Hurto
|
370
|
Hurto Agravado
|
222
|
Robo
|
169
|
Robo Agravado
|
449
|
Extorsión
|
172
|
Estafa
|
8
|
Estafa Agravada
|
2
|
Apropiación o Retención Indebidas
|
1
|
Daños
|
181
|
Daños Agravados
|
15
|
Violación de Derechos de Autor y Derechos Conexos
|
1
|
Contaminación Ambiental
|
1
|
Depredación de Flora Protegida
|
1
|
Depredación de Fauna
|
1
|
Incendio
|
4
|
Fabricación y Comercio de Alimentos Nocivos
|
1
|
Envenenamiento, Contaminación o Adulteración de Aguas y
Sustancias
|
1
|
Falsificación, Tenencia o Alteración de Moneda
|
1
|
Venta o Circulación de Moneda, Estampilla o Especies Fiscales
|
1
|
Falsedad Material
|
3
|
Supresión, Destrucción u Ocultación de Documentos
Verdaderos
|
1
|
Uso y Tenencia de Documentos Falsos
|
6
|
Uso Falso de Documento de Identidad
|
9
|
Denuncia o Acusación Calumniosa
|
4
|
Falso Testimonio
|
6
|
Encubrimiento
|
4
|
Desobediencia a Mandato Judicial
|
1
|
Patrocinio Infiel
|
1
|
Evasión
|
3
|
Favorecimiento de la Evasión
|
1
|
Cohecho Impropio
|
1
|
Resistencia
|
448
|
Desobediencia de Particulares
|
5
|
Actos de Terrorismo
|
4
|
Agrupaciones Ilícitas
|
2.408
|
Tenencia, Portación o Conducción de Armas de Guerra
|
12
|
Comercio Ilegal y Depósito de Armas
|
1
|
Desórdenes Públicos
|
366
|
Lesiones y Golpes
|
27
|
Amenazas Leves
|
4
|
Hurto
|
2
|
Daños
|
6
|
Tenencia Injustificada de Ganzúas o Llaves Falsas
|
1
|
Suministro Indebido de Bebidas Alcohólicas
|
1
|
Actos Contrarios a las Buenas Costumbres y al Decoro Público
|
1
|
Inobservancia de las Providencias de la Autoridad
|
1
|
Perturbación de la Tranquilidad Pública o Privada
|
2
|
Homicidio Simple en Grado de Tentativa
|
46
|
Disparo de Arma de Fuego
|
9
|
Amenazas con Agravación Especial
|
91
|
Violación Agravada
|
35
|
Violación en Grado de Tentativa
|
2
|
Violación en Menor o Incapaz Agravada
|
7
|
Violación en Menor o Incapaz en Grado de Tentativa
|
5
|
Agresión Sexual en Menor e Incapaz Agravada
|
2
|
Homicidio Agravado en Grado de Tentativa
|
45
|
Hurto Agravado en Grado de Tentativa
|
29
|
Robo Agravado en Grado de Tentativa
|
45
|
Extorsión en Grado de Tentativa
|
1
|
Receptación
|
108
|
Conducción de Mercaderías de Dudosa Procedencia
|
4
|
Remoción o Alteración de Linderos
|
2
|
Falsificación de Señas y Marcas
|
1
|
Desobediencia en Caso de Violencia Intrafamiliar
|
17
|
Fabricación, Portación, Tenencia o Comercio Ilegal de
Armas
|
32
|
Tenencia, Portación o Conducción Ilegal de Armas de Fuego
|
203
|
Tráfico Ilegal de Personas
|
3
|
Comercio, Tráfico y Almacenamiento Ilícito
|
1
|
Posesión y Tenencia de Drogas
|
180
|
Exhibición Intencional
|
2
|
Cooperación en el Trafico de Drogas
|
2
|
Asociaciones Delictivas
|
1
|
Tráfico Ilícito de Drogas
|
20
|
Venta de Elementos Aptos para la Violencia
|
1
|
Contrabando de Mercaderías
|
10
|
Evasión en Grado de Tentativa
|
2
|
Otras Agresiones Sexuales Agravadas
|
1
|
Robo en Grado de Tentativa
|
26
|
Violación Agravada en Grado de Tentativa
|
3
|
Conducción Temeraria de Vehículo de Motor
|
10
|
Utilización u Ocupación Ilegal de Inmuebles
|
9
|
Asociaciones Ilícitas
|
397
|
Hurto en Grado de Tentativa
|
31
|
Violación Agravada en Menor o Incapaz
|
11
|
Determinación a la Prostitución en Grado de Tentativa
|
3
|
Sin Registro
|
1
|
Total
|
7.953
|
B. Delitos contra la vida cometidos contra menores de edad
(2004 – 2006)
(Fiscalía General de la República)
Año
|
Edad de víctima y número de
casos
|
Total
|
0-10 años
|
11-18 años
|
Año 2004
|
Homicidio Simple
|
63
|
260
|
323
|
Homicidio Agravado
|
17
|
52
|
69
|
Inducción o Ayuda al Suicidio
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
Homicidio Culposo
|
115
|
83
|
198
|
Homicidio Simple en Grado de Tentativa
|
20
|
75
|
95
|
Proposición y Conspiración en el Delito de Homicidio
Agravado
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
Homicidio Agravado en Grado de Tentativa
|
2
|
19
|
21
|
Total
|
218
|
492
|
710
|
Año 2005
|
Homicidio Agravado
|
10
|
96
|
106
|
Homicidio Simple
|
9
|
171
|
180
|
Inducción o Ayuda al Suicidio
|
0
|
2
|
2
|
Homicidio Culposo
|
99
|
80
|
179
|
Homicidio Simple en Grado de Tentativa
|
16
|
91
|
107
|
Encubrimiento en el delito de Homicidio Agravado
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Complicidad en el delito de Homicidio Agravado
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Proposición y Conspiración en el Delito de Homicidio
Agravado
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Homicidio Agravado en Grado de Tentativa
|
7
|
23
|
30
|
Total
|
141
|
467
|
608
|
Año 2006 (hasta agosto)
|
Homicidio Simple
|
|
|
0
|
Homicidio Agravado
|
|
|
0
|
Inducción o Ayuda al Suicidio
|
0
|
1
|
1
|
Homicidio Culposo
|
56
|
38
|
94
|
Homicidio Simple en Grado de Tentativa
|
10
|
36
|
46
|
Proposición y Conspiración en el Delito de Homicidio
Agravado
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Homicidio Agravado en Grado de Tentativa
|
8
|
13
|
21
|
Total
|
101
|
306
|
407
|
ANEXO XXII
Programa de Desarrollo Continuo para Inspectores de
Trabajo, Años 2004 y 2005
Numero
|
Temas
|
Fechas
|
Numero de personal
|
1
|
Seminario sobre Convenio 81 de la OIT Relativo a la Inspección de
Trabajo en la Industria y Comercio
|
Febrero 2004
|
50
|
2
|
Seminario sobre Convenio 129 de la OIT relativo a la Inspección de
Trabajo en la Agricultura
|
Febrero 2004
|
50
|
3
|
Seminario sobre “El nuevo enfoque de la Inspección
Preventiva”
|
17 al 21 de Mayo 2004
|
30
|
4
|
Formación de Conciliadores en materia Laboral dirigido a Inspectores
de Trabajo
|
9 al 13 de Agosto 2004
|
26
|
5
|
Seminario sobre mejoras Practicas “ Mayor respeto a los derechos
laborales internacionalmente reconocidos y los derivados de
las negociaciones
Comerciales con los Estados Unidos de América
|
19 y 20 de Agosto de 2004
|
20
|
6
|
Desafíos del MINTRAB ante el TLC con los Estados Unidos de
América
|
10 y 11 de Diciembre2004
|
15
|
7
|
Trabajo Decente e Inserción Social de Jóvenes a Través
del Deporte
|
13 y 14 de Enero 2005
|
8
|
8
|
Taller sobre Trabajo Decente y Buenas Prácticas Laborales
|
27 y 28 de Abril 2005
|
20
|
9
|
La Inspección de Trabajo frente a la Implementación exitosa
del CAFTA Retos y Compromisos.
|
20 al 21 de Julio 2005
|
29
|
1
|
El arte de la Posibilidad
|
10 Y 13 de Agosto 2005 (1G) 17 Y 20 de Agosto de 2005 (2G)
|
108
|
2
|
Desarrollo de Habilidades de Trabajo
|
26 Y 27 de Agosto 2005 (1G) 02 Y 03 de Septiembre 2005 (2G)
|
3
|
Técnicas de Redacción de Informes Técnicos
|
09 Y 10 de Septiembre 2005 (1G) 16 Y 17 de Septiembre 2005 (2G)
|
4
|
Gestión y Mejora de la Calidad del Servicio
|
30 Sept. y 01 Octubre 2005 (1G) 07 y 08 de Octubre 2005 (2G)
|
5
|
Formación y Dirección de Equipos Efectivos
|
14 y 15 de Octubre 2005 (1G) 21 y 22 de Octubre 2005 (2G)
|
6
|
Sistema de Información Gerencial I
|
28 y 29 de Octubre 2005 (1G) 04 y 05 de Noviembre 2005 (2G)
|
7
|
Sistema de Información Gerencial II
|
25 y 26 de Noviembre 2005 (1G) 02 y 03 de Diciembre 2005(2G)
|
8
|
Modelo de Servicio Atención al Usuario I
|
11 y 12 de Noviembre 2005 (1G) 18y 19 de Noviembre 2005 (2G)
|
9
|
Modelo de Servicio Atención al Usuario II
|
09 y 15 de Diciembre 2005 (1G) 16 y 17 de Diciembre 2005 (2G)
|
Total de Participantes
|
356
|
“Programa de Desarrollo Continuo para
Inspectores”, Año 2006
Numero
|
Nombre
|
Fecha
|
Numero de participantes
|
1
|
Sistema de Inspección de Trabajo Básico
|
19 y 20 de Enero 2006 (1G)
27 y 28 de Enero 2006 (2G)
|
60
|
2
|
Sistema de Inspección de Trabajo Intermedio
|
02 y 03 de Febrero 2006 (1G)
09 y 10 de Febrero 2006 (2G)
|
3
|
Sistema de Inspección de Trabajo Avanzado
|
16 de Febrero 2006 (1G)
17 de Febrero 2006(2G)
|
4
|
Reingeniería de Procesos
|
23 y 24 de Febrero 2006 (1G)
02 y 03 de Marzo 2006 (2G)
|
5
|
La Discriminación en el Trabajo (FLA)
|
18 y 19 de Mayo 2006
|
26
|
6
|
Conferencia Sobre la Inspección de Trabajo en la Republica
Dominicana y su Sistema Informático
|
06 de Junio 2006
|
100
|
7
|
Seminario Sobre Auditoria Social para INSPECTORES DE TRABAJO
|
17 al 19 de Julio 2006
|
38
|
8
|
Auditoria Social para Inspectores de Trabajo
|
20 al 22 de Julio 2006
|
39
|
9
|
Instrucción al Sistema de Información de Datos MASTER LEX
|
6 al 14 de Septiembre 2006
|
30
|
10
|
Modelo de Equidad de Genero
|
21 al 23 de Septiembre 2006
|
28
|
11
|
Diplomado en Especializado en Legislación Laboral
|
16 al 20 de Noviembre 2006
20 al 22 de Diciembre 2006
06 al 08 de Diciembre 2006
|
89
|
12
|
Auditoria Social para Inspectores de Trabajo
|
27al 29 de Noviembre 2006
|
38
|
13
|
Auditoria Social para Inspectores de Trabajo
|
30 de Noviembre 2006 al 02 de Diciembre 2006
|
36
|
Total de Participantes
|
484
|
“Programa de Desarrollo Continuo para
Inspectores”, Marzo a junio de 2007
Numero
|
Temas
|
Fechas
|
Numero de personal
|
1
|
Taller sobre ley de Equiparación de Oportunidades para las personas
con DISCAPACIDADES
|
7,8 Y 15 de Marzo
|
85
|
2
|
Taller sobre la Ley de Equiparación de Oportunidades para personal
con Discapacidades
|
13 de Abril
|
25
|
3
|
Seminario Taller Explotación Sexual Comercial de Niños(as) y
Adolescentes
|
18 y 25 de Mayo y 01 de Junio
|
90
|
Total
|
|
200
|
ANEXO XXIII
PROGRAMA DE PREVENCIÓN
Estimación de los recursos utilizados en programas
preventivos dirigidos
a niños(as) y adolescentes
(Monto
en dólares de los ee.uu.)
Nombre del proyecto/acciones
|
Aporte del Gobierno
|
Aporte de la empresa privada
|
Donación de organismos
internacionales
|
Total
|
Comentarios
|
2004
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comisión Nacional Antidrogas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Programa de acercamiento a jóvenes en riesgo en el municipio de
Soyapango, durante los meses de enero a mayo de 2004
|
|
6.937,5
|
4.999,0
|
11.936,5
|
Fundación Salvador del Mundo (FUS)
|
Encuentro nacional de jóvenes para la prevención del consumo
de drogas marzo de 2004
|
|
|
670,8
|
670,8
|
Aporte del Programa de Naciones
|
Celebración de la Semana Nacional de la Lucha contra las Drogas en
los departamentos de Santa Ana, Cabañas, Usulután
y Apopa
Soyapango del 18 al 30 de junio de 2004
|
4.964,7
|
4.120,0
|
|
9.084,7
|
Aporte de la empresa privada
|
Dirección General de Seguridad Ciudadana
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fomento del esparcimiento para promover una juventud sana
(Deportevías)
|
20.000,0
|
|
|
20.000,0
|
|
Fomento para el incremento de la seguridad ciudadana (apoyo actividades
deportivas)
|
149.635,4
|
|
|
149.635,4
|
|
Promoción del desarrollo comunitario, (charlas, centros escolares,
actividades, recreativas, papelería membretada)
|
61.870,0
|
|
|
61.870,0
|
|
Dirección General de Centros Penales
|
|
|
|
|
|
Servicio de alimentación a los niños y niñas de 0 a 7
años de edad, hijos e hijas de las internas recluidas
en el sistema
penitenciario
|
16.644,0
|
|
|
16.644,0
|
|
Dirección General de Migración y Extranjería
|
|
|
|
|
|
Servicio de atención inmediata a salvadoreños y
salvadoreñas menores de edad que regresan voluntaria o involuntariamente
de los EE.UU. a El Salvador (alimentación, salud, asesoría
legal, transporte a su lugar de residencia, orientación
psicosocial)
|
386,2
|
|
|
386,2
|
|
Policía Nacional Civil
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fortalecimiento institucional para la prevención,
investigación y persecución de los delitos de explotación
sexual comercial de personas menores de edad
|
|
|
27.392,72
|
27.392,7
|
Organismo Internacional del Trabajo - programa
|
Total
|
253.500,4
|
11.057,5
|
33.062,5
|
297.620,3
|
|
Nombre del proyecto/acciones
|
Aporte del Gobierno
|
Aporte de la empresa privada
|
Donación de organismos
internacionales
|
Total
|
Comentarios
|
2005
|
|
|
|
|
|
Comisión Nacional Antidrogas
|
|
|
|
|
|
Celebración de la Semana Nacional de la Lucha contra las Drogas del
26 al 30 de junio de 2005, departamentos de Ahuachapán,
Santa Ana, San
Vicente
|
40.943,7
|
2.203,4
|
|
43.147,1
|
Empresas donantes: SIGMA, SISA, Droguería Santa Lucía,
Guillermo Borja
|
Dirección General de Seguridad Ciudadana
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fomento del esparcimiento para promover una juventud sana
(Deportevías)
|
20.000,0
|
|
|
20.000,0
|
|
Promoción del desarrollo comunitario, (charlas, centros escolares,
actividades, recreativas, papelería membretada)
|
149.635,4
|
|
|
149.635,4
|
|
Servicio de alimentación a los niños y niñas de 0 a 7
años de edad, hijos e hijas de las internas recluidas
en el sistema
penitenciario
|
61.870,0
|
|
|
61.870,0
|
|
Dirección General de Centros Penales
|
|
|
|
|
|
Servicio de alimentación a los niños y niñas de 0 a 7
años de edad, hijos e hijas de las internas recluidas
en el sistema
penitenciario
|
11.234,7
|
|
|
11.234,7
|
|
Dirección General de Migración y Extranjería
|
|
|
|
|
|
Servicio de atención inmediata a salvadoreños y
salvadoreñas menores de edad y adolescentes que regresan voluntaria
o
involuntariamente de los EE.UU. a El Salvador
|
1.433,2
|
|
|
1.433,2
|
|
Policía Nacional Civil
|
|
|
|
|
|
Fortalecimiento institucional para la prevención,
investigación y persecución de los delitos de explotación
sexual comercial de personas menores de edad
|
|
|
27.392,7
|
27.392,7
|
Aporte del Organismo Internacional del Trabajo - programa
|
Total
|
285.117,0
|
2.203,4
|
27.392,7
|
314.713,2
|
|
-----
[*] In accordance with the
information transmitted to States parties regarding the processing of their
reports, the present document
was not formally edited before being sent to the
United Nations translation services.
** The annexes are circulated as received and only in the language in which
they were submitted.
GE.09-43839 (EXT)
[1] CRC/C/15/Add.232 of 30
June 2004, paragraph 71.
[2] This information was
requested from the Network for Children and Adolescents, which groups together
some 60 NGOs working to promote
and defend child rights in El Salvador. Two
meetings were held to explain the methods used to draft the report and to
request contributions
to it.
[3] CRC/C/65/Add.25 of 22
October 2003, paragraphs 5-22.
[4] Formerly known as the
Salvadoran Institute for the Protection of Minors (ISPM).
[5] CRC/C/65/Add.25 of 22
October 2003, paragraphs 128-130.
[6] FESAL National Family
Health Survey 2002/03. El Salvador.
[7] FESAL 2002-2003.
[8] Note that the next
FESAL survey is scheduled for 2008, so we used institutional data from the
Ministry of Public Health and Social
Welfare.
[9] Ministry of Public
Health and Social Welfare. Third National Study of Iodine Excretion in Urine in
El Salvador, 2004.
[10] Source:
Information, Monitoring and Assessment Unit, Ministry of Public Health and
Social Welfare (2005).
[11] 80% of the total
population, according to DIGESTYC (2004).
[12] Percentage of
children under 5 living with their mothers, who have received at least one dose
of vitamin A: rural areas 54.6%, urban
areas 39.9%.
[13] Percentage of
mothers who took vitamin A in the first few days alter giving birth.
[14] The legal basis of
the iodized sal programme is the 1993 Iodized Salt Act and its implementing
regulations, and the technical standard
for iodized salt, updated in 2004 in
line with the guidelines of the Codex Alimentarius.
[15] Qualitative method
using MBI KITS.
[16] Modified Dunn and
Crutchfield spectrophotometry method.
[17] The Fortification of
Sugar with Vitamin A Act was approved by Legislative Decree in April 1994. In
August of that year, a quality
assurance and control plan was devised, which has
been successfully in use since then. The Implementing Regulation for the
Fortification
of Sugar with Vitamin A Act was approved by Executive Order in
February 1995, and the Technical Standard for Sugar and Premixes was
approved by
Ministerial Resolution in May of that year. The current updated Salvadoran
standard is NSO 67.20.01:04 Sugar Specifications.
[18] The
Salvadoran standard is NSO 67.03.02:03 Processed Corn Flour, and there is a plan
for supervising production sites, shops and
homes.
[19] See articles 54 and
56 of the Constitution of the Republic of El Salvador.
[20] Legislative Decree
No. 917 of 1996.
[21] There is currently a
bill proposing to change the ISRI’s name to Salvadoran Institute for
Comprehensive Rehabilitation, adapting
the regulations to the actual situation
which is being studied by the Technical Secretariat of the Presidency.
[22] Of these boys, 22
are aged over 18 chronologically, but their mental ages vary from 1 to 8.
[23] Of these girls, 14
are aged over 18 chronologically, but their mental ages vary from 1 to 8.
[24] Production of
handicrafts and ornaments.
[25] Learning how to use
a sewing machine or manual needlework and embroidery.
[26] The Special
Education Centre has the facilities and an instructor for giving this course.
[27] Legislative Decree
No. 888 of 2000. See article 2 of the Act.
[28] See articles 18 and
19 of the The Equal Opportunties for the Disabled Act.
[29] Executive Order
No. 99 of 2000.
[30] This does not
include households with access to a neighbour’s water supply.
[31] See EHPM.
[32] Ibid. See also Annex
X.
[33] MSPAS. See also
FESAL 98 and FESAL 2003.
[34] Note that ONUSIDA
estimates for 2004 are close to 30,000 cases of persons living with HIV/AIDS,
due to under-recording varying
between 40 and 50 per cent.
[35] 142 in 2001, 138 in
2002, 129 in 2003 and 20 in 2004. See also Annex X.
[36] Dossier
454-11-2006-1, the Legislative Assembly Committee on the Family, Women and
Children.
[37] Annual enrolment
census for each year. Projection of the population of El Salvador. 1995-2025.
MINED.
[38] MINED census
2006.
[39] Illiteracy means the
proportion of persons aged 10 and over who cannot read or write.
[40] MINED census 2006.
[41] El Salvador ratified
the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale
of children, child prostitution
and child pornography, by means of Legislative
Decree No 280 of 25 February 2004, published in Official Gazette No 57
of 23 March
2004.
[42] Legislative Decrees
No 210 and No 457, of November 2003, published in January 2004
[43] Ibid
[44] Previously Juvenile
Offenders Act
[45] In 1994, in his
presentation of the Juvenile Offenders Bill to the Legislative Assembly, the
Minister of Justice stated: “According
to the Criminal Policy Unit of this
Ministry, based on data for the past year provided by the General Directorate
for Prisons and
Rehabilitation, the proportion of crime attributed to minors
between the ages of sixteen and eighteen accounts for 14 to 15 per cent
of all
crimes committed in our country". Juvenile Offenders Act and Law on surveillance
and control of execution of measures for
young offenders, and Ministry of
Justice Publications, San Salvador, 1996, pages 19 to 20.
[46] According to Article
8 of the LPJ, the definitive measures are: a) social and family guidance
and support; b) reprimand; c) imposition of rules of conduct;
d) community service; e) probation and f) imprisonment.
[47] Under Article 9(2)
of the LPJ, the measures laid down in Article 8 may be interim or
definitive.
[48] Source:
National plan for the eradication of the worst forms of child labour in El
Salvador, 20062009, page 36.
[49] Although the
National Committee was not legally established until 2005, it has actually been
in operation since 2002, the year in
which the Memorandum of Understanding was
renewed. This made it possible to develop actions and programmes that have
already led
to progress in the effort to eradicate child labour.
[50] For more
information, see www.casapres.gob.sv/especiales/redSolidaria/index.html.
[51] National Committee
for the Eradication of the Worst Forms of Child Labour. National Plan for the
Eradication of the Worst Forms
of Child Labour, 2006-2009, page 11.
[52] The National Plan
may be downloaded from the following link:
trabajoinfantil.mtps.gob.sv/descarga/plan.pdf
[∗] These refer to
recreation, culture, sport and productive alternatives. An example of the latter
is: “Una Empresa en mi Escuela” (A Business in my School),
which encourages children and adolescents to make business or self-employment
plans with the aim
of boosting their household's financial income.
[∗] Training and
Awareness campaigns on the worst forms of Child Labour.
[53] Executive Agreement
No 15-0280
[54] Source:
FUNDASALVA study on the national incidence of consumption of psychoactive
substances in El Salvador, 2004, pages 14 to 16.
[55] El Salvador ratified
the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the
participation of children in armed
conflicts, by means of Legislative Decree
No 609 of 15 November 2001, published in Official Gazette No 238
of 17 December 2001.
[56] En la Cumbre del
Milenio se establecen compromisos para 2015.
[57] Ver documento
“Un mundo apropiado para los niños” (resolución S-27/2
de la Asamblea General, anexo),
párrs. 10, 11, 18, 33, 36 y 61.
[58] Ibíd.,. D,
61.
[59] La remisión
del informe de país es un compromiso establecido en el Plan de
Acción del Documento PA-MANA (D,
60-61)
[60] Se utilizaron las
publicaciones impresas anuales correspondientes a 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2004,
2005, así como las publicaciones
oficiales en la red
(www.digestyc.gob.sv/MainFrame/EstadisticasSociales.) sobre los años
comprendidos entre 1998 y 2005. Adicionalmente
se obtuvo de la oficina de la
EHPM toda la información adicional requerida correspondiente a los
años comprendidos
en el período 1991-2006
[61] Se utilizó la
“Proyección de la Población de El Salvador 1995-2025”,
San Salvador, 1996.
[62] Se utilizaron las
publicaciones impresas correspondientes a los períodos 1988-1993
(FESAL-93), 1993-1998 (FESAL-98) y 1998-2003
(FESAL 2002-2003), así como
sus publicaciones oficiales en la red (www.fesal.org.sv)
[63] Se obtuvo de esta
unidad parte de la información requerida en materia de salud. Es
pertinente hacer notar que hasta el presente,
la información con que
cuenta esta unidad solo incluye los servicios públicos de salud, y que
– con algunas excepciones
como son lo referente a las inmunizaciones y al
VIH-SIDA – no incluye los servicios prestados por el ISSS ni los servicios
privados.
[64] Ver
www.mspas.gob.sv.
[65] Ibid.
[66] Ver
www.mined.gob.sv.
[67]
Específicamente se utilizó esta fuente para el análisis
del gasto público en los rubros de Educación
y Salud.
[68] Asamblea
Legislativa, Decreto 588, 2001.
[69] Ver
www.mined.gob.sv.
[70] Ver
www.casapres.gob.sv/especiales/fosalud/index.htm.
[71] Asamblea
Legislativa, Decreto 538, 17 de diciembre 2004.
[72] Ver
www.mspas.gob.sv.
[73] Ibíd.
[74] Ver
www.casapres.gob.sv/especiales/redSolidaria/discurso.html.
[75] Este análisis
se ha realizado teniendo en cuenta la información oficial del Ministerio
de Hacienda para cada uno de
los años comprendidos entre 1995 y 2005.
[76] 3.4% en 2001, 3.3%
en 2002, 3.1% en 2003 y 2.9% en 2004.
[77] El CCI está
integrado por el Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social (MSPAS),
el Ministerio de Educación
(MINED), el Ministerio de Relaciones
Exteriores (M.RR.EE), la Dirección General de Estadística y Censos
(DIGESTYC),
La Secretaría General de la Familia (SNF), el Instituto
Salvadoreño del Seguro Social (ISSS), el Fondo de las Naciones
Unidas
para la Infancia (UNICEF), el Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas
(FNUAP), la Organización Panamericana
de la Salud/Instituto de
Nutrición de Centroamérica y Panamá (OPS/INCAP) y la
Agencia de los Estados Unidos
para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID).
[78] Hasta ahora el 95%
del financiamiento de la Encuesta FESAL proviene de AID.
[79] Reunión del
Sector Salud de Centroamérica y República Dominicana –
RESSCAD – es un foro sectorial
que tiene como propósito promover el
intercambio y el desarrollo de experiencias, así como conocimiento y,
sobre todo,
lograr el compromiso entre los Estados Miembros para la
atención de problemas comunes de salud y del ambiente, que requieran
del
abordaje conjunto y coordinado entre países, para lograr un impacto mayor
que el que se lograría si el tratamiento
de los mismos, se realizara en
forma individual, dentro del espíritu de la integración
Centroamericana.
[80] Proporción
de población bajo la línea de pobreza extrema nacional y por
área geográfica.
[81] Equivale a 206.194
hogares.
[82] Ver EHPM.
[83] Ibíd.
[84] La
desnutrición es un indicador válido del hambre.
[85] Tasa
correspondiente al período 1988-1993 según FESAL.
[86] Tasa
correspondiente al período 1998-2003 según FESAL.
[87] Tasa
correspondiente al período 1993-1998 según FESAL.
[88] El bajo peso al
nacer es un indicador válido de desnutrición y hambre.
[89] Ver FESAL.
[90] Ver FESAL 2002/03,
pág. 263.
[91] La
metodología utilizada en el estudio de línea base fue de tipo
prospectiva – descriptiva, basada en la búsqueda
activa de casos, a
partir de muertes de mujeres de 10 a 54 años registradas en las 262
alcaldías del país, sustentada
en metodología RAMOS
modificada.
[92] Ver FESAL
[93] Ibíd.
[94] Ver Ministerio de
Salud Pública.
[95] Informe de Labores
2006 – 2007 del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Asistencia Social.
Capítulo 8, Pág.
70
[96] Ibíd.
[97] Ver FESAL
[98] Ibíd.
[99] Ibíd.
[100] Unidad de
Información en Salud, de la Dirección de Planificación en
Salud, del MSPAS:
[101] Ibíd.
[102] Ibíd.
[103] Ibíd.
[104] Ibíd.
[105] Ver FESAL.
[106] Ministerio de
Salud Pública y Asistencia Social. Informe de Labores 2006 - 2007.
[107] Quedan
excluidos aquí los hogares con acceso a “cañería del
vecino”.
[108] Ver EHPM.
[109] Ibíd.
[110] Ver FESAL.
[111] Ibíd.
[112] Plan Nacional de
Educación 2021. Informe de Avance 2005-2007. Evolución de
Indicadores.
[113] Ibíd.
[114] MSPAS. Ver
también FESAL 98 y FESAL 2003.
[115] Es pertinente
señalar que las estimaciones de ONUSIDA para el año 2004 se
aproximan a un número de 30,000
casos de personas viviendo con el
VIH-SIDA, debido a un subregistro que se considera fluctuaría entre el
40% y el 50%.
[116] 142 en 2001, 138
en 2002, 129 en 2003 y 20 en 2004
[118] Hombres entre
15 y 59 años de edad.
[119] Mujeres en
edad fértil, entre 15 y 49 años de edad. En El Salvador, el 73% de
los casos femeninos reportados y acumulados
a Julio 2003 eran de mujeres en edad
fértil.
[120] Mujeres entre
15 y 24 años de edad.
[121] Se considera
aquí que las tres formas de prevención primaria de la
transmisión sexual del VIH/SIDA son:
a) no tener relaciones
sexuales,
b) tener solo un compañero fiel,
c) usar condones
en todas las relaciones sexuales
[122] Se considera
aquí que los tres conocimientos erróneos locales más
comunes son:
a) la persona puede infectarse al ser picada por mosquito o
zancudo;
b) la persona puede infectarse al usar cubiertos utilizados por
alguien que tiene SIDA;
c) la persona que se ve sana no puede transmitir
el VIH.
[123] Ministerio de
Salud Pública y Asistencia Social. Situación
Epidemiológica del VIH/SIDA en El Salvador años
1984 – 2005.