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EPIC --- Privacy and Human Rights Report
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EPIC --- Privacy and Human Rights Report 2006

Title Page Contents |
Title Page Contents |
EPIC --- Privacy and Human Rights 2006
Contents
Title Page
About the Electronic Privacy Information Center
Executive Summary
1. Expansion of Identification Technologies
2. Divergent Approaches to Privacy
3. Data Retention
4. Civil liberties groups and NGOs' successful opposition to privacy intrusions
5. Actions of international governmental organizations
6. New Data Protection Laws
7. Developments in Open Government
Overview
Defining Privacy
Aspects of Privacy
Models of Privacy Protection
Comprehensive Laws
Sectoral Laws
Self-Regulation
Technologies of Privacy
The Right to Privacy
The Evolution of Data Protection
Rationales for Adopting Comprehensive Laws
The European Union Data Protection Directives
The APEC privacy initiative
Iberoamerican Data Protection
Oversight and Privacy and Data Protection Commissioners
Transborder Data Flows and Data Havens
European Union-United States Safe Harbor Arrangement
Privacy Topics
Identity Systems
Identity (ID) cards
Biometrics
Biometric Passports
Fingerprints
Retinal and Iris Scans
Hand Geometry (Palm Prints)
Voice Recognition
Authentication and Identity Disclosure
Surveillance of Communications
Legal Protections and Human Rights
Legal and Technical Standards for Surveillance: Building in Big Brother
Internet Surveillance: Black Boxes and Key Loggers
Transactional and Location Data
Data Retention
Cybercrime: International Initiatives in Harmonizing Surveillance
Council of Europe
The Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development
National Security, Intelligence Agencies and the "Echelon system"
Electronic Commerce
Spam and Phishing
Profiling
Security Breaches
Privacy Enhancing Technologies
Online Advertising
Web 2.0
Workplace Privacy
Legal Background
Workplace Surveillance
Performance Monitoring
Telephone Monitoring
Email, Internet Use and Blog Monitoring323
Drug Testing
Census
Public Records
Video Surveillance
Surveillance Cameras
Statutory Protections
Efficacy of Camera Systems
Face Recognition
Satellite Surveillance
GPS Developments
Location Privacy
Interactive Television and Online Video
Behavioral Targeting
Social Network Sites and Virtual Communities
Travel Privacy
Privacy Protection for Commercial Travel Records
Privacy of Travel Records Since September 11, 2001
Measures for Tracking and Monitoring of Travelers
Government Watch Lists and Passenger Profiling
Passenger Prescreening Programs
"Trusted Traveler" Programs
Border Security Programs
Digital Rights Management
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)
Applications
Policy Responses
Human “Chipping”
Public Opposition to RFID
WHOIS
The UN Internet Governance Forum and Privacy
Voting Privacy
E-voting
Direct Recording Electronic (DRE) Voting Machines
Optical Scan Voting Systems
Automated Tabulation of Paper Ballots
Internet Voting
Electronic Voter Registration and Centralized Registration Databases
Voter Identification
Absentee Voting or Voting by Mail
Genetic Privacy
Genetic Identification
Detection and Treatment of Disease
In the Workplace
Insurance
Legal Safeguards
Nanotechnology
Country Reports
Highlights
ARGENTINA
ARMENIA
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRIA
BELGIUM
BOLIVIA
BRAZIL
BULGARIA
CANADA
CHILE
CHINA
COLOMBIA
COSTA RICA
CYPRUS
CZECH REPUBLIC
DENMARK
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
ECUADOR
EL SALVADOR
ESTONIA
EUROPEAN UNION
FINLAND
FRANCE
GEORGIA
GERMANY
GREECE
GUATEMALA
HONG KONG
HUNGARY
ICELAND
INDIA
IRAQ
IRELAND
ISRAEL
ITALY
JAPAN
JORDAN
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
LUXEMBOURG
MACEDONIA
MALAYSIA
MALTA
MEXICO
MONGOLIA
NETHERLANDS
NEW ZEALAND
NIGERIA
NORWAY
PARAGUAY
PERU
PHILIPPINES
POLAND
PORTUGAL
ROMANIA
RUSSIA
SAN MARINO
SINGAPORE
SLOVAK REPUBLIC
SLOVENIA
SOUTH AFRICA
SOUTH KOREA
SPAIN
SRI LANKA
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
TAIWAN
THAILAND
TURKEY
UGANDA
UKRAINE
UNITED KINGDOM
UNITED STATES
URUGUAY
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
VENEZUELA
ZIMBABWE
Argentine Republic
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Major Data Protection Case Law
Specific Rules on Privacy
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of Armenia
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules on Privacy
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
National Identification System
Open Government
International Obligations
Australia
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Telecommunications
Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")
Health privacy
Financial privacy
Law Enforcement & Security
Identity Management and Biometrics
The Access Card
Open Government
State and Territory Laws
Republic of Austria
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Identity Cards
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
DNA Matching
Voting Privacy
Open Government
International Obligations
Kingdom of Belgium
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance
National ID, Travel Documents and Smart Cards
Miscellaneous Developments
Voting Privacy
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of Bolivia
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules on Privacy
Workplace Privacy
International Obligations
Federative Republic of Brazil
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules on Privacy
National Registry
Consumer Protection
Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")
Financial Privacy
Medical Privacy
Workplace Privacy
Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance
Biometrics and surveillance
Video Surveillance
Privacy Case Law
Privacy Bills
Digital Certification
Voting Privacy
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of Bulgaria
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules on Privacy
Supervisory Authority
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Open Government
International Obligations
Canada
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules on Privacy
Supervisory Authorities for Privacy Laws
Surveillance
Legislative and Policy Responses to Terrorism
Online Privacy
Voting Privacy
Access to Information
International Obligations
Republic of Chile
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules on Privacy
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Financial Privacy
Unsolicited Commercial E-mail (“Spam”)
Major Privacy Case Law
International Obligations
People's Republic of China
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Privacy
Statutory Rules on Privacy
Surveillance
Medical Privacy
Financial Privacy
National Identity System
Censorship
Monitoring of Cybercafés
Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")
Open Government
International Obligations
Colombia
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Privacy Case Law
Legislative Responses to Terrorism
Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance
Open Government
International Obligations
Costa Rica
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Bills
Wiretapping and Surveillance
Financial Privacy
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of Cyprus
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules on Privacy
Data Protection Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")
Recent Developments
International Obligations
Czech Republic
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules on Privacy
Data Protection Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Medical Privacy
Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")
Video Surveillance
Identity Cards
Open Government
Anti-terrorism Measures
International Obligations
Kingdom of Denmark
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Anti-terrorism Measures
Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")
Major Privacy Case Law
Recent Developments
Open Government
International Obligations
Greenland
Dominican Republic
Constitutional Framework
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Wiretapping and Surveillance
International Obligations
Republic of Ecuador
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules on Privacy
Voting Privacy
International Obligations
El Salvador
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules on Privacy
Privacy Case Law
Medical Privacy
Surveillance of NGOs
International Obligations
Republic of Estonia
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules on Privacy
Data Protection Authority
Health Privacy
National Identification Card Schemes
E-Voting
Major Privacy Case Law
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Open Government
International Obligations
European Union
Data Protection Directive
The Third Pillar
European Data Protection Supervisor
Article 29 Working Party
Central and Eastern Europe Data Protection Authorities
Telecommunications Privacy
Data Retention
Republic of Finland
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules on Privacy
Data Protection Authority
Anti-terrorism Measures
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Recent Developments Related to Privacy
Telecommunications Privacy
Radio Frequency Identification
Workplace Privacy
National ID System
E-Voting Privacy
Health Privacy
Open Government
International Obligations
Åland Islands
French Republic
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Wiretaps and Surveillance Rules
National Identity Card Systems
Medical Privacy
NGOs’ Advocacy Work
Freedom of Information
Voting Privacy
International Obligations
Republic of Georgia
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Supervisory Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Major Privacy Case Law
Recent Developments
NGO Advocacy Work
International Obligations
Federal Republic of Germany
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance
Location Privacy
RFID
Biometrics
Open Government
International Obligations
Hellenic Republic (Greece)
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
E-Government
Open Government
International Obligations
Guatemala
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Wiretapping and Government Surveillance
Anti-terrorism Measures
Ibero-American Data Protection Network
Open Government
International Obligations
Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Data Protection Authority
Wiretapping & Surveillance
Workplace Surveillance
Smart ID Card Development
Financial Sector
Video Surveillance
Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")
International Cooperation
Republic of Hungary
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Major Privacy Case Law
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Recent Developments
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of Iceland
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
National ID System
Medical and Genetic Privacy
Travel and Immigration Surveillance
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of India
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Anti-Terrorism Measures
Recent Privacy Case Law
Voting Privacy
Open government
International Obligations
Federal Republic of Iraq
Constitutional Privacy Rights
Martial Law
Identification Systems
Military Surveillance
International Obligations
Republic of Ireland
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Stautory Rules Related to Privacy
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Identification Systems
Voting Privacy
Open Government
International Obligations
State of Israel
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Anti-terrorism Measures
Major Privacy Case Law
Recent Developments
NGO Advocacy Work
Open Government
International Obligations
Italian Republic
Constitutional Framework
Data Protection Framework
Supervisory Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Radio Frequency Identification
Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")
Medical Privacy
Major Privacy Case Law
NGO Advocacy Work
International Obligations
Japan
Constitutional Privacy Framework
The Basic Law on Personal Information Protection
Four Laws Related to the Protection of Personal Information
Guidelines for Industry
Privacy Mark System
Constitutional Scheme for Free Speech
Regulation on the Internet
Wiretapping
Surveillance Technology
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology
Medical Privacy
The Resident Registry Network System
Personal Data Leaks
Voting Privacy
Freedom of Information
International Obligations
The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
National ID
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of Latvia
Constitutional Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Anti-terrorism Measures
Workplace Privacy
Major Privacy Case Law
Recent Developments
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of Lithuania
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Telecommunications Privacy
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Workplace Privacy
Video Surveillance
Recent Developments
Major Privacy Case Law
Open Government
International Obligations
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Recent Developments
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of Macedonia
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Computer and Cybercrime Related Provisions
Media Laws and Practice
NGOs' Advocacy Work
Freedom of Information Laws
International Obligations
Malaysia
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Video Surveillance
National Identity Card
Freedom of Information
International Commitments
Malta
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Recent Developments
International Obligations
United Mexican States
The Constitutional Framework
Data Protection Framework
Federal Law Initiatives on Privacy and Data Protection
National Authority of Personal Data
Wiretapping and Surveillance
Financial Privacy
Recent developments
NGO Activities
Open Government
International Obligations
Mongolia
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Open Government
International Obligations
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Anti-terrorism Measures
Recent Developments Related to Privacy
Major Privacy Case Law
Open Government
NGO Advocacy Work
International Obligations
New Zealand
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Major Privacy Case Law
Developments in Medical and Genetic Privacy
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Anti-terrorism Measures
Unsolicited E-mails
Transborder Dataflows
Open Government
International Obligations
Self-governing Territories
Federal Republic of Nigeria
National Identity Card System
Cybercrime
Nigerian Evidence Act
Sharia – Islamic Law
Freedom of Information
Recent Developments
International Commitments
Kingdom of Norway
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Anti-terrorism Measures
Recent Developments
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of Paraguay
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance
Voting Privacy
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of Peru
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Rules
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance
NGOs´Advocacy Work
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of the Philippines
Data Protection Framework
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
National Identity Card System
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Anti-Terrorism Measures
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of Poland
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Major Privacy Case Law
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Identification Cards
Video Surveillance
NGOs Advocacy Work
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of Portugal
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
National Identity System
Open Government
International Obligations
Romania
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Supervisory Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Anti-terrorism Measures
Open Government
International Obligations
Russian Federation
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Information Technologies
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Anti-terrorism Measures
National ID System
Open Government
International Obligations
Autonomous Russian Republics
Republic of San Marino
Data Protection Framework
International Obligations
Second Life
The Jurisdiction
Data Protection Authority
Data Protection Framework
Use of Collected Data
Surveillance
Identification
Avatar Privacy
Recent Developments
Republic of Singapore
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Limitations to Freedom of Speech and Censorship Rules
Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance
Efforts against Terrorism
Miscellaneous Developments
International Obligations
Slovak Republic
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Major Privacy Case Law
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of Slovenia
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Video Surveillance
Biometrics
Privacy of Communications
Electronic Communications
The Penal Code
Identification Systems
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of South Africa
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
The Interception Act
Financial Privacy
Smart Card
Open Government
Republic of (South) Korea
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Wiretapping and Surveillance
Open Government
International Obligations
Kingdom of Spain
Constitutional and Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Anti-terrorism Measures
Recent Developments
International Obligations
Republic of Sri Lanka
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Open Government
International Obligations
Kingdom of Sweden
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Data Protection Framework
ID Cards and Travel Documents
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Recent Developments
Anti-terrorism Measures
Voting Privacy
Open Government
International Obligations
Swiss Confederation (Switzerland)
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Identity Cards
Cooperation with the European Union
Police and Intelligence Agencies' Activities
Interception of Telecommunications
DNA Samples Biometry, and Genetic Screening
Revision of the Law on Foreigners
Surveillance Cameras
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Face Recognition
Freedom of Information
International Obligations
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Supervisory Authorities
Wiretapping and Surveillance
National Identification Scheme
Medical Privacy
Radio Frequency Identification
NGO Advocacy Work
Open Government
Kingdom of Thailand
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework and Freedom of Information
Wiretapping and Surveillance
The Mobile Phone Card Controversy
National ID Cards
Republic of Turkey
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Relevant Developments on E-Government
Major Privacy Case Law
National Identity Cards
Open Government
International Obligations
Republic of Uganda
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Privacy Supervisory Authority
Data Protection Framework
Wiretapping and Other Government Surveillance
Open Government
International Obligations
Ukraine
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Anti-terrorism Measures
Recent Developments
Major Privacy Case Law
Open Government
International Obligations
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Data Protection Authority
Wiretapping and Surveillance Rules
Unsolicited Commercial E-mails
Legislative Response to Terrorism
Police Activities
Video Surveillance
National ID
E-Voting
Open Government
International Obligations
Territories
United States of America
Constitutional Framework
Privacy Laws
Privacy Case Law
Data Protection Authority
Department of Homeland Security
The Federal Trade Commission and Consumer Privacy
Identity Theft
Unsolicited Commercial E-mails ("Spam")
Medical Privacy
Consumer Information Security Breaches
Electronic Surveillance
The "PATRIOT Act"
The 9/11 Commission
Video Surveillance and Face Recognition Technology
National Identity Card
Passenger Profiling and Prescreening
Surveillance of Foreigners and Immigration Controls
Data Mining
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Voting Privacy
Open Government
Safe Harbor
International Obligations
Republic of Uruguay
The Constitutional Framework
Data Protection Framework
Regulations
Anti-Terrorism Measures
Major Privacy Cases
Open Government
International Obligations
United Arab Emirates
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Data Protection Framework
Statutory Rules on Privacy
Dubai International Financial Centre
Cybercrime
Biometrics
International Obligations
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Financial and Credit Information
Major Privacy Cases
Voting Privacy
Regulation of Identification Systems
Private Sector Initiatives
NGO Advocacy Work
International Obligations
Zimbabwe
Constitutional Privacy Framework
Statutory Rules Related to Privacy
Recent Developments
International Obligations
Glossary
International Privacy Resources
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Costa Rica
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Estonia
European Union
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Guatemala
Hong Kong
Hungary
Iceland
India
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Jordan
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malaysia
Malta
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Norway
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Romania
Russia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Korea
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Title Page Contents |

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URL: http://www.worldlii.org/int/journals/EPICPrivHR/2006/