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EPIC --- Privacy and Human Rights Report 2006

International Privacy Resources

Argentina

Argentinean Data Protection Commissioner
<http://www.jus.gov.ar/dnpdpnew/index.html>

Privacy and Data Protection in Argentina (NGO)

<http://www.protecciondedatos.com.ar/english.htm>

Habeas Data (Weblog)

<http://dataprotection.blogspot.com/>

Australia

Australian Privacy Commissioner

<http://www.privacy.gov.au/>

Australian Privacy Foundation (NGO)

<http://www.privacy.org.au/>

Electronic Frontiers Australia, Online Privacy Issues (NGO)

<http://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Privacy/privacy.html>

Privacy Law and Policy Reporter (NGO)

<http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/PLPR/>

Roger Clarke's Data Surveillance (resource site)

<http://www.anu.edu.au/people/Roger.Clarke/>

Australian IT (online portal)

<http://australianit.news.com.au/>

Austria

Austrian Data Protection Commission

<http://www.dsk.gv.at/indexe.htm>

Austrian Association for Internet Users (NGO)

<http://www.vibe.at/index_en.html>

Austrian Society for Privacy and Data Protection (NGO)

<http://www.argedaten.at/news/news2004.html> (in German)

Belgium

Commission de la Protection de la vie Privée

<http://www.privacy.fgov.be/> (in French and Dutch)

Association Electronique Libre (NGO)

<http://www.ael.be/>

Droit-Technologie (online portal of legal information: news, legislation, case law, law review articles and theses)

<http://www.droit-technologie.org/>

Brazil

Brazilian Center of Internet Legal Studies (CBEJI)

<http://www.cbeji.com.br/br/us/index.asp>

Instituto Brasileiro de Peritos em Comércio Eletrônico e Telemática (NGO)

<http://www.ibpbrasil.com.br/news/ileg.htm> (in Portuguese)

Bulgaria

Bulgarian Commission for Personal Data Protection

<http://www.ceecprivacy.org/main.php?s=2&k=bulgaria>

Access to Information Programme (NGO)

<http://www.aip-bg.org/index_eng.htm>

Internet Rights Bulgaria Foundation (NGO)

<http://www.socialrights.org/spip/rubrique1.html>

Canada

Privacy Commissioner of Canada

<http://www.privcom.gc.ca>

Information Commissioner of Canada

<http://www.infocom.gc.ca/>

Access and Privacy Laws Commissions (government portal)

<http://canada.justice.gc.ca/en/ps/atip/provte.html>

Canadian Internet Policy and Public Interest Clinic

<http://www.cippic.ca/>

Industry Canada—Electronic Commerce Branch (industry source)

<http://e-com.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inecic-ceac.nsf/en/home>

PrivacyInfo.ca (privacy news, information legislation and decisions)

<http://www.privacyinfo.ca/>

Stephanie Perrin et al., The Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act: An Annotated Guide (Toronto, 2001).

Chile

Consumer Organization and Users from Chile (ODECU) (NGO)

<http://www.odecu.cl/detalle.php?tipo=quienes&grupo=73&PHPSESSID=3f85bc54a9583e2a0567b34df00fdbb1>

Servicio Nacional de Consumidor (government portal)

<http://www.sernac.cl/> (in Spanish)

China

China Information Technology and Law Center (NGO)
<http://www.chinaitlaw.org.hk/index.html>

Colombia

Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) – Peru

<http://www.cpsr-peru.org/bdatos/colombia/privacidad/> (in Spanish)

Costa Rica

Inside Costa Rica – Daily Online News
<http://www.insidecostarica.com>

Czech Republic

Office for Personal Data Protection

<http://www.uoou.cz/>

Czech News Agency (CTK)

<http://www.ctk.cz/english/index.html>

Prague Post

<http://www.praguepost.cz/>

Denmark

Danish Data Protection Agency
<http://www.datatilsynet.dk/eng/index.html>

Danish Centrefor Human Rights
<http://www.humanrights.dk/>

Lee E. Bygrave, Data Protection Reform in Scandinavia
<http://folk.uio.no/lee/oldpage/articles/Scandinavia_reform.pdf>

Dominican Republic

Dominican Today news
<http://www.dominicantoday.com/>

Estonia

Estonian Informatics Centre

<http://www.ria.ee/atp/eng/index.html?id=712>

Estonian National ID Cards

<http://www.id.ee/pages.php/0303>

European Forum Country Update

<http://www.europeanforum.bot-consult.se/cup/estonia/index.htm>

European Union

European Data Protection Supervisor
<www.edps.europa.eu/>

Article 29 Working Party
<ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/privacy/workinggroup/index_en.htm>

Finland

Data Protection in Working Life, Ministry of Labour, Finland (October 2001)

<http://www.mol.fi/english/working/dataprotection.html>

Electronic Frontier Finland (NGO)

<http://www.effi.org/index.en.html?tmplang=en>

FINLEX (English translations of Finnish acts)

<http://www.finlex.fi/english/laws/index.php>

Finland Legislative Assembly

<http://www.lagtinget.aland.fi/eng/index.htm>

Peter Blume et al., Nordic Data Protection (DJOF Publishing 2000)

France

CNIL (data protection authority)

<http://www.cnil.fr/index.php?id=4>

IRIS (NGO)

<http://www.iris.sgdg.org/>

Juriscom.net (online portal of legal news)

<http://www.juriscom.net>

Legalis.net (online portal of legal news)

<http://www.legalis.net/>

Georgia

Liberty Institute

<http://www.liberty.ge/eng/>

The Georgian Times

<http://www.geotimes.ge>

Germany

Federal Data Protection Commissioner

<http://www.bfd.bund.de/>

Brandenburg State Commissioner for Data Protection and Access to Information

<http://www.lda.brandenburg.de/sixcms/detail.php?template=start_e_lda&id=97044>

Independent Centre for Privacy Protection

<http://www.datenschutzzentrum.de>

Data Retention is No Solution campaign

<http://www.dataretentionisnosolution.com/>

Virtual Privacy Office (online portal)

<http://www.datenschutz.de/privo/> (primarily in German)

Greece

Hellenic Data Protection Authority

<http://www.dpa.gr/home_eng.htm>

Greek Data Protection Act - overview

<http://europa.eu.int/ISPO/legal/en/news/9709/chapter6.html>

Guatemala

Guatemala Human Rights News

<http://www.americas.org/region_29>

Hong Kong

Privacy Commissioner for Personal Data

<http://www.pco.org.hk/>

Privacy for Personal Data in Hong Kong (industry source)

<http://www.privacy.com.hk/>

Y.H. Lee, Seminar on Data Protection Technologies for National Statistical Offices, Country Paper: Hong Kong, China

<http://www.unescap.org/stat/meet/dataprot/dpro-hongkong.asp>

Hungary

Data Protection and Freedom of Information Commissioner

<http://abiweb.obh.hu/dpc/index.htm>

Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (NGO)

<http://www.tasz.hu/index.php?cookielanguage=en>

Parliamentary Commissioner's Office of Hungary

<http://www.obh.hu/>

Dániel Máté Szabó, Data Protection in Hungary, Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (Budapest 2003)

Iceland

Office of Personal Data Protection

<http://www.personuvernd.is/tolvunefnd.nsf/pages/english>

India

Cyberlaw India (online portal)

<http://cyberlaws.net/cyberindia/index1.htm>

Inomy (Indian internet economy news and information)

<http://www.inomy.com/>

Iraq

Thomas Frank, “U.S. is building database on Iraqis,” USA Today, July 12, 2007

<http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2007-07-12-iraq-database_N.htm>

Thomas Frank, “Identification effort crosses Iraq war zone; Quick background checks help separate insurgents from civilians,” USA Today, July 13, 2007

<http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2007-07-12-database-inside_N.htm>

Ireland

Data Protection Commissioner

<http://www.dataprivacy.ie/>

Digital Rights Ireland

<http://www.digitalrights.ie>

Irish Internet Association (industry organization)

<http://www.iia.ie/>

Israel

Debbie L. Rabina, Access to Government Information in Israel: Stages in the Continuing Development of a National Information Policy, International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (August 13, 2000).

Miguel Deutch, Computer Legislation: Israel's New Codified Approach, 14 J. Marshall J. Computer & Info. L. 461 (Spring 1996).

Nahum Bitterman, "The Extent of the Obligation of Secrecy," Israeli Business Law: An Essential Guide, Kluwer Law International, 1996.

Italy

Garante per la Protezione Dei Dati Personali (Data Protection Commissioner)

<http://www.garanteprivacy.it> (in Italian)

Italy's New Data Protection Code, Garante per la Protezione Dei Dati Personali (2004)

<http://www.garanteprivacy.it/garante/doc.jsp?ID=1030925>

eGovernment News – Italy

<http://www.garanteprivacy.it/garante/document?ID=311066>

Electronic Frontiers Italy (NGO)

<http://www.alcei.it>

Privacy.it

<http://www.privacy.it/> (in Italian)

Japan

Information Clearinghouse

<http://www.foi-asia.org/Toppage/about_ICJ.html>

NaST, Electronic Networks and Privacy

<http://www.jca.apc.org/privacy/> (in Japanese)

Jordan

Jordan Information Center
<http://www.jordan.jo/en/>

Latvia

Data State Inspection (Latvian state authority)
<http://www.dvi.gov.lv/eng/>

CEEC: Data Protection in the Republic of Latvia

<http://www.ceecprivacy.org/main.php?s=2&k=latvia>

Lithuania

State Data Protection Inspectorate

<http://www.ada.lt/index.php?lng=en>

CEEC Lithuania Data Protection Authority

<http://www.ceecprivacy.org/main.php?s=2&k=lithuania>

United Nations Economic and Social Council, "Statistical Confidentiality and Micro Data," (May 30, 2003)

<http://www.unece.org/stats/documents/ces/2003/37.e.pdf>

Luxembourg

Data Protection Commission

<http://www.cnpd.lu>

Macedonia

Metamorphosis Foundation
<www.metamorphosis.org.mk/>

Malaysia

MyKAD Identity Card

<https://www.mykadonline.com.my>

Malta

Commissioner of Data Protection

<http://www.dataprotection.gov.mt/>

Chetcuti Cauchi Advocates (law firm data protection unit)

<http://www.cc-advocates.com/data-protection/unit.htm>

Mexico

Antonio M. Aveleyra, Communication of Personal Data Messages in Mexico

<http://www.thepublicvoice.org/events/buenosaires04/aveleyra-040804.html>

FIDAC (NGO)

<http://www.fidac.org.mx/>

Liberdad de Información (LIMAC) (NGO)

<http://www.limac.org.mx/index.php?theme=home>

Tallia Nauman, Mexico's Right-to-Know Movement, Citizen Action in the Americas, No. 4 (February 2003)

<http://www.americaspolicy.org/pdf/series/04.rtk.pdf>

Netherlands

Dutch Data Protection Authority

<http://www.dutchdpa.nl>

Bits of Freedom (NGO)

<http://www.bof.nl/index_uk.html>

Personal Data Protection Act

<http://home.planet.nl/~privacy1/wbp_en_rev.htm>

The Privacy Page – Dutch Privacy (Related) Law

<http://home.planet.nl/~privacy1/>

Privacy.pagina.nl (online portal)

<http://privacy.pagina.nl/>

New Zealand

New Zealand Privacy Commissioner

<http://www.privacy.org.nz>

Nigeria

International Center for Nigerian Law

<http://www.nigeria-law.org/>

Nigerian Media Rights Agenda (NGO)

<http://www.internews.org/mra/campaigns/campaigns.htm>

Nigerian Cybercrime Working Group <http://www.cybercrime.gov.ng/site/index.php>

Nigerian National Information Technology Development Agency

<http://www.nitda.gov.ng>

The Guardian

<http://www.guardiannewsngr.com>

Norway

Norwegian Data Inspectorate

<http://www.datatilsynet.no/>

Fortress Europe Circular Letter (civil liberties and data protection news)

<http://www.fecl.org/circular/4305.htm>

Lee A. Bygrave, The body as data? Reflection on the relationship of data privacy law with the human body, (September 2003)

<http://www.privacy.vic.gov.au/dir100/priweb.nsf/download/CF51D885BA101AACCA256E050012CBA5/$FILE/Bygrave%20paper.pdf>

Lee A. Bygrave, Data Protection Law: Approaching Its Rationale, Logic and Limits 48 (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2002).

Lee A. Bygrave & Ann Helen Aaro, Norway, International Privacy, Publicity and Personality Laws 333 (M. Henry ed. 2001).

Per-Kaare Svendsen, The Association for Progressive Communications (APC) European Internet Rights Project, Country Report: Norway (2000)

<http://www.apc.org/english/rights/europe/c_rpt/norway.html>

Peru

Archivo Digital de la Legislación del Perú

<http://www.congreso.gob.pe/ntley/default.asp> (in Spanish)

Habeas Data (data protection weblog)

<http://dataprotection.blogspot.com/>

Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility (CPSR) - Peru (NGO)

<http://www.cpsr-peru.org/english_version>

Philippines

Chan Robles Virtual Law Library

<http://www.chanrobles.com/toc.htm>

Christopher Lim, Baker & McKenzie Philippine E-Com Legal Guide (January 2001)

<http://www.bakerinfo.com/apec/philapec_main.htm>

Philippine IT News

<http://itmatters.com.ph/news/>

Poland

Inspector General for the Protection of Personal Data

<http://www.giodo.gov.pl/138/j/en/>

CEEC - Poland Data Protection Authority

<http://www.ceecprivacy.org/main.php?s=2&k=poland>

Privacy Protection in Data Communication Systems (government produced guide)

<http://techinfo.giodo.gov.pl/index-en.html>

Portugal

National Personal Data Commission
<http://www.cnpd.pt/english/index_en.htm>

Romania

Romanian People's Advocate Institution Ombudsman

<http://www.avp.ro/indexen.html>

Association for the Defence of Human Rights in Romania (NGO)

<http://www.apador.org/en/about.htm>

Russia

Electronic Commerce in Russia, Clifford Chance Puender

<http://www.russianlaw.net/english/ae04.htm>

Human Rights Network / Moscow

<http://www.hro.org>

Law of the Russian Federation on Information, Informatisation and Information Protection

<http://www.datenschutz-berlin.de/gesetze/internat/fen.htm>

Victor Naumov, Legal Issues in Personal Data Protection on the Russian Internet (February 4, 2004)

<http://www.russianlaw.net/english/ae04.htm>

Singapore

Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore (IDA)

<http://www.ida.gov.sg>

Electronic Engineering Times (industry source)

<http://www.eetasia.com/>

Slovakia

Slovakian Office for Personal Data Protection

<http://www.dataprotection.gov.sk/buxus/generate_page.php3?page_id=413>

CEEC Privacy (collection of European government data protection information)

<http://www.ceecprivacy.org/main.php?s=2&k=slovakia>

Slovenia

Slovenian Information Commissioner

<http://www.ip-rs.si/index.php?id=149>

Slovenian Human Rights Ombudsman

<http://www.varuh-rs.si/index.php?id=6&L=6>

South Korea

Korean Information Security Agency
<http://www.kisa.or.kr/english/>

Spain

Spanish Data Protection Authority (AEPD) <https://www.agpd.es/index.php?idSeccion=8>

Sri Lanka

Information and Communication Technology Agency of Sri Lanka

<http://www.icta.lk>

e-Sri Lanka (NGO)

<http://www.esrilanka.lk>

Computer Society of Sri Lanka (NGO)

<http://www.cssl.lk>

International Information Technology Conference (NGO)

<http://www.iitc.lk>

Sweden

Swedish Data Inspection Board

<http://www.datainspektionen.se/in_english/start.shtml>

Matthias Klang, Country Report—Sweden, APC European Internet Rights Project

<http://europe.rights.apc.org/c_rpt/sweden.html>

Switzerland

Federal Data Protection Commissioner (EDSB)

<http://www.edsb.ch/>

Association of Cantonal Data Protection Commissioners

<http://www.dsb-cpd.ch> (in German and French)

Data Protection Commissioner of the Canton of Zurich

<http://www.datenschutz.ch>

Directory of compiled Federal laws and regulations (decrees)

<http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/sr.html> (in German, French and Italian)

Directory of decisions of the Swiss Federal Court (Bundesgericht)

<http://www.polyreg.ch/##>

Swiss "Big Brother Awards"

<http://www.bigbrotherawards.ch>

Swiss Federal Government and Administration

<http://www.admin.ch>

Taiwan

Tyeng-Ruey Chuang, Personal Data Protection in Taiwan: Whose Business?

<http://www.iis.sinica.edu.tw/~trc/npq2003.pdf>

Thailand

Pravith Mangklatanakul, Baker & McKenzie Philippine E-Com Legal Guide (January 2001) available at <http://www.bakerinfo.com/apec/thaiapec.htm>

Thailand: Laws and Regulations, Economist Intelligence Unit Business Forum (August 2, 2001) available at <http://www.ebusinessforum.com/index.asp?layout=rich_story&channelid=6&categoryid=24&doc_id=4165>

Turkey

Information Society Policy in Turkey

<http://www.policy.hu/akdeniz/>

Publications of Dr. Yaman Akdeniz

<http://www.cyber-rights.org/yamancv.htm>

Ukraine

Human Rights in Ukraine (NGO)
<http://www.khpg.org/index.php?r=25>

United Arab Emirates

Data Protection Commissioner
<http://www.dp.difc.ae>

United Kingdom

Cyber Rights and Cyber Liberties (NGO)

<http://www.cyber-rights.org/>

Campaign for Freedom of Information (NGO)

<http://www.cfoi.org.uk/>

Foundation for Information Policy (NGO)

<http://www.fipr.org/>

Information Commissioner

<http://www.informationcommissioner.gov.uk/>

Privacy International (NGO)

<http://www.privacyinternational.org>

Privacy Laws and Business (NGO)

<http://www.privacylaws.co.uk/>

Statewatch (NGO)

<http://www.poptel.org.uk/statewatch/>

United States

American Civil Liberties Union (NGO)

<http://www.aclu.org/>

Electronic Privacy Information Center (NGO)

<http://www.epic.org>

Federal Trade Commission Privacy Initiatives

<http://www.ftc.gov/privacy/>

Privacy Journal

<http://www.privacyjournal.net/>

Privacy Rights Clearinghouse (NGO)

<http://www.privacyrights.org/>

Privacy Times

<www.privacytimes.com>

Uruguay

Habeas Data (Weblog)

<http://dataprotection.blogspot.com/>